Download Week 3 Non-Verbal Communication

Matakuliah
Tahun
: V0052
: 2008
CULTURAL COMMUNICATION BARRIERS
Week 3
Learning Outcomes
On completion of this unit, the students should be able to
identify and recognize major barriers to effective crosscultural communication.
Mahasiswa dapat mengidentifikasikan dan mengenali jenisjenis hambatan pada komunikasi antar budaya.
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Subjects
• Language
• The influence of culture on communication
• Non-verbal communication
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Week 3
Seven Barriers
to Cross Cultural
Communication
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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Language
Influence of culture on communication
Non-verbal communication
Preconceptions and stereotypes
Tendency to make judgements
High level of stress
Workplace issue
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Week 3
LANGUAGE
Skills for language competency
 Read
 Write
 Listen
 Speak
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Week 3
LANGUAGE
Reducing the language barrier
• Be aware of the difficulties caused by slang,
colloquialisms, idioms
• Speak clearly and simply at a normal volume
• Be prepared to clarify meanings (both yours and theirs)
• Check to establish that all parties understand
• Be aware of your own communication style
• Avoid humor and sarcasm
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Week 3
LANGUAGE
Australian Use of English
• Speak quickly/accents
• Use slang/colloquialisms/idioms
• May use humor or sarcasm
• Assume that you are understood because people smile and say yes
• Use of tag questions
• Use of double negatives
• Broken English
• Raise the voice if not understood the first time
• Abbreviations
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Week 3
LANGUAGE
GROUP DISCUSSION
• How do Indonesians use English in a way that causes
problems for the overseas customers?
• How about: American?
• British?
• Singaporean?
• Japanese?
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Week 3
INFLUENCE OF CULTURE ON COMMUNICATION
• Politeness and respect
• Expression of emotion, disharmony and
loudness
• Apologies
• Greetings
• Names
• Face or self-respect
• Social status
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Week 3
INFLUENCE OF CULTURE ON COMMUNICATION
• Politeness and respect
– What are the 2 most used words that show
politeness ..
PLEASE
THANK YOU
– Are there any rules regarding their use?
– Do we expect everyone in our society to use
these terms?
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Week 3
INFLUENCE OF CULTURE ON COMMUNICATION
• Expression of emotion, disharmony and loudness
– E.g. Australians tend to be direct in their communication
and will display emotions
– Some Asian and Pacific peoples may interpret any open
display of emotions as a lack of self-discipline and poor
taste
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Week 3
INFLUENCE OF CULTURE ON COMMUNICATION
• Apologies
– The rules governing politeness and
apologies vary greatly in different
cultures
– Australians tend to apologize more
frequently than some other cultural
groups
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Week 3
INFLUENCE OF CULTURE ON COMMUNICATION
• Greeting and Small Talk
– Australians tend to ask “How are you?”
and make comments on the weather
– Other cultural groups may ask “Have you
eaten already?” or Where have you been?”
– Asians when being friendly will ask “Are
you married?” – “How old are you?”
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Week 3
INFLUENCE OF CULTURE ON COMMUNICATION
• Names
– Naming systems will vary between cultures
– Ask the guest how to address them
Example:
• Malay
– Male = Asmi bin Ahmad (“bin” means “son of” Ahmad)
– Female = Suraya binti Ahmad (“binti” means “daughter of”)
• Chinese
– Leem See Sing
Lim is the family name. Many will add a Western first name
(James Lim) or reverse the order of their Chinese name
whilst living in Australia.
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Week 3
INFLUENCE OF CULTURE ON COMMUNICATION
• Face
– Self-respect or face is often very important in other
cultural groups
– It is important to avoid public criticism or
disagreement
• Social Status
– In some culture, status (related to age, education,
wealth or position) governs relationships and
behaviour to a much greater degree than in
Australia.
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Week 3
Non-Verbal Communication
• Approx. 65% communication is non-verbal
communication
• Characteristics of non-verbal communication:
–
–
–
–
–
–
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Non verbal communication exists
You can’t not communicate
Non-verbal communication is culture-bound
Transmits feeling and attitudes
Serves many functions
Ambiguous
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Characteristics of Non-Verbal Communication
• Non-verbal communication transmit feelings and attitudes
Without being able to use words, people’s bodies generally express
how they feel – nervous, embarrassed, friendly, angry, happy, etc.
• Non-verbal communication serves many functions
– Repeating
– Substituting
– Complementing
– Accenting
– Regulating
– Contradicting
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Week 3
Non-Verbal Communication
Kinesics and Paralinguistic
• Kinesics = the study of body language – involves
analysis of posture, movement, facial expression, eye
management gestures, proxemics (use of space –
acceptable social distance when talking)
• Paralinguistic = rate of speech, volume, pitch, tone of
voice – also effect communication
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Week 3
Non-Verbal Behavior
Eye Contact
Facial
Expression
Touching
Non Verbal Behavior
Clothing
Hand
Gestures
Body Posture
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Social
Distance
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Week 3
Non-Verbal Communication
• Eye Contact
– As an Anglo-Australian, to impress someone with your honesty,
you would probably look directly at the person while speaking
– In many cultures, however, lowered eyes indicate an attitude of
respect, rather than admission of guilt
– Eye contact will also be affected by gender difference
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Week 3
Non-Verbal Behavior
• Facial Expression
– Smiling has quite different functions in different cultural
context – Westerners are so used to equating it with
friendliness, good humor, amusement.
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Week 3
Non-Verbal Behavior
• Distance
– Intimate Distance
Skin contact and ranges out to about 18 inches
– Personal Distance
Ranges from 18 inches to 4 feet
– Social Distance
Ranges from 4 to 12 feet
– Public Distance
Running outward from 12 feet
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Week 3
Non-Verbal Behavior
• Social Distance
– A casual conversation in Australia (polite and customary
distance) = approx. 2-4 feet from the other person
– In Middle Eastern or Latin America cultures, in a casual
conversation you should stand very close – within a foot;
purposefully breathe in the other person’s face as you talk
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Week 3
Non-Verbal Behavior
• Touching
– When, where and how you touch others is determined
by many factors, such as age, sex, social setting, status
difference and emotional climate
– Touch can communicate many messages:
• Functional/professional (dental exam, haircut)
• Social/polite (handshake)
• Friendship/warmth (clap on back)
• Love/Intimacy (some caresses, hugs)
• Sexual arousal (some kisses)
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Week 3
Non-Verbal Behavior
• Hand Gestures
– Most basic gestures may be
quite different in another cultural
setting
– Pointing, waving goodbye – all
can be the subject of
misinterpretation
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Week 3
Non-Verbal Behavior
• Dress/ Clothing
Clothing conveys messages to the others:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
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Economic level/ background
Educational level/ background
Trustworthiness
Social position/ background
Level of sophistication
Level of success
Moral character
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QUESTIONS?
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Review Questions 3
1. List the seven barriers to cross cultural
communication
2. Name types of non-verbal behavior and give
examples
3. How do you reduce the language barrier?
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Group Assignment for Week 4
Type of assignment : Presentation
Topic
: How non-verbal communication
can be a barrier in intercultural
communication
Presentation time : 10 minutes per group
Note : Presentation should be typed on A4 size paper using
times new roman or arial font 12
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