Download BC 2 – Chapter 14

1
Strategies for Oral Communication
Strategies for successful speaking and
successful listening
Chapter # 14
By: Saif Bukhari
2
Strategies for Oral Communication
Part Six

Strategies for Oral Communication

Chapter 14. Strategies for Successful Speaking
and Successful Listening.

Chapter 15. Strategies for Successful Informative and
Persuasive Speaking.

Chapter I6. Strategies for Successful Interpersonal
Communication.

Chapter 17. Strategies for Successful Business and Group
Meetings
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Definition of Communication

Communication

Communication is the transmission of messages
from a Sender (a person or group) to a
Receiver (another person or group). In a perfect
world, the receiver would understand.

The message without difficulty. But too often, that
doesn’t happen. A lack of clarity, poor Choice of
words, distractions, and a host of other obstacles
can interfere with the message.
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Barriers to Communication
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Barriers to Communication
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If noise is whatever interferes with communication
between sender and receiver (and vice versa), it’s
important to understand what causes noise—what
are the main barriers to communication.
There are three main types of barriers:
 External barriers,
(include environmental and visual distractions)
 Internal barriers,
(within the receiver)
 Semantic barriers. (differences in language, education, and culture)
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Strategies
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Strategies
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A careful plan or method for achieving a particular goal
usually over a long period of time.
They are proposing a new strategy for treating the disease
with a combination of medications. ▪
The government is developing innovative strategies to help
people without insurance get medical care.
Strategies
▪ The skill of making or carrying out plans to achieve a goal.
▪ A specialist in campaign/military strategy.
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Persuasive Speaking

Persuasion occurs when an audience assents
(agree) to what a speaker says.
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Consequently, persuasive speaking requires extra
attention to audience analysis.
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Traditionally, persuasion involves ethos
(credibility), logos (logic), and pathos (emotion).
By performing these three elements competently,
a speaker can enhance their persuasive power.
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Interpersonal Communication
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Successful Interpersonal Communication.
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Interpersonal communication is the process of
sending and receiving information between two or
more people.
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Types of Interpersonal Communication
This kind of communication is subdivided into
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Dyadic communication,
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Public speaking, and Small-group communication.
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Dyadic communication
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Dyadic communication
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Dyadic communication is simply a method of communication
that only involves two people such as a telephone
conversation or
Even a set of letters sent to and received from a penal.
In this communication process, sender can immediately
receive and evaluate feedback from the receiver. So that, it
allows for more specific tailoring of the message and more
personal communication than do many of the other media.
*
Dyad means two things of similar kind or nature or group and dyadic
communication means the inter-relationship between the two.
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Group Meetings
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Group Meetings a formally arranged gathering;
"next year the meeting.
“The meeting elected a chairperson"
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Strategies for Oral Communication
Strategies for successful speaking and
successful listening
Chapter # 14
By: Saif Bukhari
11
Strategies for Successful Speaking
and Successful Listening

I.
Strategies for Improving Oral presentation.

II.
Strategies for Reducing Stage Fright

III.
Strategies for improving listening Skills.
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Strategies for Successful Speaking
and Successful Listening

I. Strategies for Improving Oral Presentations
 A. Steps for Preparing Effective Oral
Presentations.
 B.
Kinds of Oral Presentations.
 C.
Ways of Delivering the Oral Message.
 D.
Strategies for an Effective Oral Delivery.
 E.
Strategies for an Effective Nonverbal
Delivery.
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Strategies for Successful Speaking
and Successful Listening

II. Strategies for Reducing Stage Fright

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A. Signs of Discomfort
B. Strategies for Decreasing Speaking Fears
III. Strategies for improving listening Skills.
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A. Faults in Listening
B. Purposes for Listening
C. Results (Good Listening).
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I.
Strategies for Improving Oral
Presentations
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A.
Steps for Preparing Effective Oral
Presentations
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1. Determine the purpose,
2. Analyze the audience and occasion.
3. Select the main ideas for the message.
4. Research the topic.
5. Organize the data and write the draft.
6. Create visual aids.
7. Rehearse the talk.
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I.

Strategies for Improving Oral
Presentations
Good speech has three parts:
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1
2
3
An Introduction
A Body (or Text discussion)
A Conclusion or Summary
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I.

Strategies for Improving Oral
Presentations
Good speech has three parts:

1. Introduction
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An introduction seeks to do several things:
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Get attention,
Include an Aim or Purpose and
Lay out of the direction.
Three elements as a PAL
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PAL (Porch, Aim, Layout).
Porch, your opening remarks
Aim, your purpose, why you are giving the talk.
Layout, your agenda, precise understanding the
major points you will cover, it is roadmap for
what follows.
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I.
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Strategies for Improving Oral
Presentations
Good Speech
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1.
2.
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Introduction
Body (Text, Discussion)
The body is the heart of your talk;
Here you explain and support the main purpose of your
presentation.
Here you include evidence, data for your central theme,
Organize the body of the talk is similar to developing the
text or discussion of a major paper.
Time constraint demands that must talks be limited to
two or three main points.
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I.

Strategies for Improving Oral
Presentations
Good Speech
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1. Introduction
2. Body (Text, Discussion)
3. Summary or Conclusion
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A summary reminds the audience of the main
idea covered in the body of the talk.
Conclusion draws inferences from the data.
Regardless of your intent, there must be an
ending or a “closing" to your remarks.
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I.
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Strategies for Improving Oral
Presentations
Good Speech
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Create Visual Aids
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Some presentations do not require Visuals,
On the other hand, it would be odd not to
include a Visual when speaking about the
structure of an organization.
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I.

Strategies for Improving Oral
Presentations
Steps for Preparing Effective Oral Presentations
 Rehearse the Talk is the most important step for
effective oral presentation.
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Two Purposes underlie rehearsals:
You will become more comfortable
Your material and you can still revise where necessary.
When rehearsing, stand and deliver your talk out loud.
Three times rehearsals recommended.
If you rehearse too much, the statement sound
memorized.
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I.
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Strategies for Improving Oral
Presentations
Rehearse the Talk
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Always imagine the audience in front of you.
Use transitional (in-between)
Avoid long sentences and unusual words.
Take each of the main points one at a time and
learn to present each with its supporting material.
Include the visual aids.
Anticipate questions from the audience.
Stop at the allotted time, Then cut and revise the
speech accordingly until you can deliver it within
the time limit,
Allowing also for a question and answer period.
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I.
Strategies for Improving Oral
Presentations

B- Kinds of Oral Presentations
 Basically, all oral communication lies between:
 Informative speaking and Persuasion
 For most purposes the statements are
therefore some variation of inform, persuade.
or entertain. Additionally, one could add such
variations as motivate, inspire, and eulogize,
(praise or Criticize).
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Strategies for Successful Speaking
and Successful Listening

I. Strategies for Improving Oral Presentations

B- Kinds of Oral Presentations
 Basically, all oral communication lies between:

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Short talks may range from 1 to 10 minutes in length.
You may simply introduce someone, present an award
to a retiree, give a briefing to visitors to your
company; or offer an opening statement in a group
meeting.
Longer statements may vary from 10 minutes to 1
hour. some corporations limit statements to 20 or 30
minutes, knowing that attention spans decrease the
longer the statement.
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Strategies for Successful Speaking
and Successful Listening

I. Strategies for Improving Oral Presentations

C. Ways of Delivering the Oral Message
 Four options for speaking:
 Extemporaneous,
 Reading,
 Memorization, and
 Impromptu delivery.
Extemporaneous delivery Is preferred by both audiences and
speakers; It allows more Eye contact and more verbal and
nonverbal Involvement with the audience.
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Strategies for Successful Speaking and
Successful Listening

1.Strategies for Improving Oral Presentations

D. Strategies for an Effective Oral Delivery
 One of your personal signatures Is your voice
1- Pitch, (*Monotone, High or low voice, Same work value)
2- Rate, (Variation in rates is better than speaking at the same speed).
3- Volume gives It more Interest and appeal
I- Contrast in Emphasis, using a louder or softer.
II- Controlled Breathing.
4- Vocal Quality
(ones voice is hard to describe: we often turn to metaphors to
describe voice quality).
5- Pronunciation
(Speech therapists can help with pronunciation concerns,
particularly with non-native speakers.
* Monotone Lack of pitch variation may result in being called a monotone
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Strategies for Successful Speaking
and Successful Listening

1. Strategies for Improving Oral Presentations

D. Strategies for an Effective Oral Delivery
 One of your personal signatures Is your voice
5- Pronunciation
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Jargon.
Varied Regional Accents.
Added or Omitted Sounds.
Listen to the Educated and Cultured People of
your Community
Consult a Recent Dictionary.
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Strategies for Successful Speaking
and Successful Listening

1.

Strategies for Improving Oral Presentations
E. Strategies for an Effective Nonverbal Delivery
 1.
Posture (Posture, how you stand, even sit, communicates
something about you as a communicator).
2.
Movement
(Lecterns are movement Inhibiting. If you must use
a lectern, try moving slightly from one edge to the other.
i - Move to Hold Attention, ii- Move to Get Rid of
Nervousness, iii- Move to Suggest Transitions.
iv- Move to Increase Emphasis.
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Strategies for Successful Speaking
and Successful Listening

1.

Strategies for Improving Oral Presentations
E. Strategies for an Effective Nonverbal Delivery
 1.
Posture
 2.
Movement
 3.
Gestures
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Emblems (symbol).
Illustrators.
Affect Displays.
Regulators
Adapters
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Strategies for Successful Speaking
and Successful Listening

E. Strategies for an Effective Nonverbal Delivery
 3.
Gestures
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To Emphasize
To Point
To Reject
To Describe
Very Gestures
Avoid Continuous Gestures
Watch Timing
Adapt Gestures
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Strategies for Successful Speaking
and Successful Listening

1.

Strategies for Improving Oral Presentations
E. Strategies for an Effective Nonverbal Delivery
 1.
Posture
 2.
Movement
 3.
Gestures
 4.
Facial Expressions
 5.
Appearance
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Strategies for Successful Speaking
and Successful Listening

II. Strategies for Reducing Stage Fright


Signs of Discomfort
Strategies for Decreasing Speaking Fears.

Regardless of culture, stage fright is universal.
suggestions helps decrease the intensity of
that fear.
The
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Strategies for Successful Speaking
and Successful Listening

III. Strategies for improving Listening Skills.
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A. Faults in Listening
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B. Purposes for Listening

C. Results of Good Listening.
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Strategies for Successful Speaking
and Successful Listening

III. Strategies for improving Listening Skills.
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A. Faults in Listening
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*Prejudice Against the Speaker.
External Distractions (interruption).
Thinking Speed.
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(Listening is as important as the other three components of Communication,
I - Speaking, II - Reading, III- Writing0.
We have time on our hands while listening to a speech, our Thinking speed out-paces
the speakers rate of speech.
Premature Evaluation
Delivery.
*injustice
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Strategies for Successful Speaking
and Successful Listening

III. Strategies for improving Listening Skills.
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A. Faults in Listening
B. Purposes for Listening
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1.
2.
3.
4.
It should be no surprise that poor listening is not entirely the fault of
the speaker.
To Gain New Information and Ideas.
To Question and Test Evidence and Assumptions.
T be Inspired
To Improve your own Communication
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Strategies for Successful Speaking
and Successful Listening

III. Strategies for improving Listening Skills.



A. Faults in Listening
B. Purposes for Listening
C. Results of Good Listening.

Following Six benefits will occur if you listen purposefully and positively
1. Leads to helpful, Positive attitudes- by understanding the
hindrances that lie in the way of good listening.
2. Permits the speaker and listeners to improve communication
because each side is more aware of and receptive to the
other's viewpoint.
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Strategies for Successful Speaking
and Successful Listening

III. Strategies for improving Listening Skills.

C. Results of Good Listening.
3. Indicates by feedback to the speaker that listeners are
interested in turn, the speaker tries harder to give his or her
best presentation.
4. Helps listeners obtain useful information on which they can
make accurate decisions.
5. Creates better understanding of others and thus helps listeners
work with others.
6. Helps the speaker (especially in an interview) in talking out a
problem a person need to receive, as well as give help.
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Reference Material
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STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING ORAL
PRESENTATIONS

STEPS FOR PREPARING EFFECTIVE ORAL
PRESENTATIONS
Determine the purpose
 Analyze the audience
 Select the main ideas
 Research the topic
 Organize the data: intro, body,
conclusion
 Create visual aids
 Rehearse the talk

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TIPS ON PREPARING FOR THE
INTRODUCTION
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Introduction is meant for: audience’s attention, aim
or purpose of presentation, and layout of the
presentation
These three elements are called PAL:
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Porch: these are the opening remarks, preamble or preface
of the speech e.g. a quotation, a question, a startling
statement, reference to the occasion, reference to the past,
a humorous story etc.
Aim: it is the topic of the talk, why you are giving the talk,
your intention in giving the talk
Layout: it is your agenda during the talk, the main topics to
be discussed by number.
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TIPS FOR REHEARSAL
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The two purposes of rehearsal are:
 To make us more comfortable with our speech and
to help us revise our speech
 During the practice stand straight and talk out loud
Always imagine the audience before you, or invite
family/friends to act as your audience
Use transitional (Middle) phrases such as ‘first’,
‘second’, ‘now I will move on to next topic’, ‘lastly’, ‘in
the end’ etc. to indicate changes in our thoughts or
topics
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TIPS FOR REHEARSAL
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Avoid long sentences and unfamiliar words
Present each point separately with its related
material
Include visual aids where necessary in the
text
Anticipate audience’s questions and write
down probable answers
Stop at the allocated time, allowing time for
questions and answers
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WAYS OF DELIVERING THE ORAL
MESSAGE
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Extemporaneous: allows a speaker to use
notes or an outline preferably in the form of
small cards (3-5 inches) that can be held
discretely in the palm of your hand
It allows more eye contact with the audience
and is the most popular way of presentation
Reading: political figures and policy makers
etc. who can’t afford to make any mistake in
their messages prefer reading from a written
text.
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WAYS OF DELIVERING THE
ORAL MESSAGE
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Memorization: this technique is rarely used as
there is a limit to how much we can instantly
remember
Impromptu: if you are asked to speak without
any prior preparation, you should not be
caught unprepared
you should make notes of the discussions
being held in the meeting so that you can
speak effectively when called upon to do so.
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STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE
ORAL DELIVERY
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Pitch: it is the shrillness or lowness of the
voice. Women have higher pitch than men.
Monotone means same pitch throughout the
speech which is irritating to the listeners.
Strong declarative sentences end with
downward pitch, questions and suggestions
end on higher pitch.
Pitch varies in sentences: Mary don’t do that!
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STRATEGIES FOR ORAL
DELIVERY
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Rate: the rate of words delivered per
minute should range between 80 to 160.
Pauses between words or sentences
emphasize transitions of thought and
help the speaker collect their thoughts.
But pauses should not be too long so
that they bore the listeners.
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STRATEGIES FOR ORAL
DELIVERY
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Volume: some people have naturally loud
voice. But one must regulate the volume
according to audience size.
Volume can also vary on important words,
sentences or ideas.
Vocal Quality: every voice has its unique
quality. Voices can be deep, throaty, gentle,
masculine, effeminate, dynamic, weak,
strong, secure, clear etc.
Some people do not have a good quality
voice in which case they should get speech
therapy.
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STRATEGIES FOR ORAL
DELIVERY
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Pronunciation: it is an important part of oral delivery.
In the professional world correct pronunciation is
necessary especially for foreign speakers of English.
Jargon or technical terms and abbreviations should
not be spoken outside the group or should be
explained before use.
Sounds should not be omitted such as using ‘gonna’
or ‘wanna’ for ‘going to’ and ‘want to’ etc.
One must listen to educated and cultured people in
order to polish one’s pronunciation.
Dictionary also is a good source of correct
pronunciation.
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STRATEGIES FOR AN EFFECTIVE
NONVERBAL DELIVERY

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Posture: straightness of the back is essential for a
good impression whether you sit or stand.
Movement: during your presentation maintain eye
contact with your audience and occasionally move
back and forth, but not continuously
Movement is meant for purposes of holding
audience’s attention, getting rid of nervousness, for
suggesting transitions, and for increasing emphasis
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STRATEGIES FOR AN EFFECTIVE
NONVERBAL DELIVERY
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Gestures: movement of hands, arms and
shoulders, and head are termed gestures
Emblems: behavior which signifies specific
verbal terms such as thumbs up as sign of
good work, arm wave as sign of hello
Illustrators: when hands or fingers are used to
point out objects
Affect Displays: when facial expressions are
used to indicate emotional states
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GESTURES CONTD.


Regulators: when speakers use body movements of
their audience to search out responses to their
messages. Listeners may nod their heads, maintain
eye contact, shift their postures, incline their heads to
listen better.
Adaptors: these are unintentional movements to a
physical or psychological state: scratching a nose,
twisting a pencil, smoothing one’s hair.
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GESTURES CONTD.
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Gestures are used
To emphasize
To point
To reject
To describe
You should vary gestures, avoid
continuous gestures, watch timing,
adapt gestures
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STRATEGIES FOR AN EFFECTIVE
NONVERBAL DELIVERY CONTD.

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Facial expressions convey primary
gestures, including eye contact
Appearance matters a lot in
professional environment, it may be
smart casual or business casual
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STRATEGIES FOR REDUCING
STAGE FRIGHT
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In order to reduce nervousness before your
presentation, the following rules should be
remembered:
Know your subject well
Rehearse your talk several times to eliminate
mistakes
Request a podium or lectern so that you can
hold it or stand behind it confidently
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STRATEGIES FOR REDUCING
STAGE FRIGHT
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Pre check electronic equipment before presentation
Hold an object like pen, pointer, or marker in your
hands to avoid awkward movement of hands
Breathe deeply and slowly before speaking. Sit
relaxed in your chair and make small movements like
crossing your legs
Move backwards or forwards to point out something
or hold attention of the audience during the speech
Approach the podium with confidence and assurance
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STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING
LISTENING SKILLS
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The following faults can be experienced in
listening and prevent us from listening well:
Prejudice against the speaker
External distractions from the physical
environment, e.g. excessive gestures of the
speaker, hot or cold room temperature etc.
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STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING
LISTENING SKILLS
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Thinking speed of the listeners being faster
than the delivery of the speech
Premature evaluation of speaker’s message
Semantic stereotypes or internal reactions to
words/concepts of the speaker such as
negative reaction to ‘Communism’ etc.
Uninteresting or problematic delivery of
speech
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PURPOSES OF LISTENING

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To gain new information and ideas to arrive at
true, workable and acceptable conclusions
To question and test evidence and
assumptions, or verify data and information
To be inspired by great thoughts and ideas
To improve your own communication
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RESULTS OF GOOD LISTENING

Attentive listening leads to helpful, positive attitudes
by understanding the hindrances that lie in the way of
good listening

Permits the speaker and listeners to improve
communication as each side is receptive to the
other’s viewpoint
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RESULTS OF GOOD LISTENING



Encourages the speaker to try harder to give
a good presentation due to effective feedback
from the listeners
Helps listeners obtain useful information on
which they can make accurate decisions
Creates better understanding of others and
thus helps listeners work with others
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
Wish You Good Luck

Thanks
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