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1750 – 1914 Overview Periodization Question: Why 1750 –1914? The Most Important Themes Industrialization Growing Globalization of Capital and Labor Imperialism Spread of New Ideologies and Reform Movements Dominance of the West, on sea & land Changes in Global Commerce, Communication and Technology Modes of Transportation/ communication ◦ Impact of railroad, steam, telegraph ◦ Suez Canal, Panama Canal Suez Canal Suez canal opened in 1869 Changes in Global Commerce, Communication and Technology Industrial Revolution ◦ Origins of I.R. – where, what and when ◦ Rationale of capitalism – Adam Smith ◦ Impact of I.R. on time, family, work, labor ◦ Relationship of nations during I.R. ◦ Intellectual responses to I.R. – Marxism, socialism Power loom Fatcat Milltown Miner Streetchildren Globalization Full emergence after 1850s How did it differ from earlier protoglobalization? ◦ Volume of goods exchanged ◦ Impact of exports and imports on local economies ◦ Transnational political agreements ◦ New levels of cultural globalization ◦ Caused significant regional environmental impacts Ex. Rubber industry in Brazil led to deforestation Demographic and Environmental Changes Migration – Immigration ◦ Why? ◦ Where? Demographic and Environmental Changes End of Atlantic Slave Trade New Birthrate Patterns Disease prevention and eradication Food Supply Changes in Social and Gender Structure Industrial Revolution Commercial developments Tension between work patterns and ideas about gender Emancipation of Serfs and Slaves Changes in Social and Gender Structure Women’s emancipation movements Political Revolutions and Independence Movements Latin American Independence Movements Why? Simon Bolivar Political Revolutions and Independence Movements Revolutions ◦ Why Revolution now? ◦ Where? United States (1776) France (1789) Haiti (1803) Mexico (1910) China (1911) New Political Ideas Rise of Nationalism Growth of Nation-states/ empires Rise of Western Dominance Patterns of Expansion Imperialism and Colonialism ◦ African continent, much of Asia, and Oceania Ethiopia and Siam Hawaii and New Zealand Rise of Western Dominance Scramble for Africa Rise of Western Dominance Economic, Political, Social, Cultural, & Artistic Continuities Traditional commerce, markets cont’d, new commercial innovations like department stores only controlled 5% of retail commerce Reactions to Western economic and military pressure were heavily influenced by local traditions Societies compensated for disruptions by appealing to traditional themes as a source of stability ◦ Ex. Thanksgiving in the US
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