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Han Empire: China 206 BCE-220 CE THE EARLY HAN DYNASTY Liu Bang A general, persistent man, a methodical planner Restored order, established dynasty, 206 B.C.E. Han was long-lived dynasty Martial Emperor (141-87 B.C.E.) Han Wudi ruled for 54 years Pursued centralization and expansion HAN STATECRAFT Han centralization Adopted Legalist policies Built an enormous bureaucracy to rule the empire Continued to build roads and canals Levied taxes on agriculture, trade, and craft industries Imperial monopolies on production of iron and salt Established Confucian educational system for training bureaucrats Confucianism as the basis of the curriculum in imperial university Thirty thousand students enrolled in the university in Later Han Han imperial expansion Invaded and colonized northern Vietnam and Korea Extended China into central Asia Han organized vast armies to invade Xiongnu territory Han enjoyed uncontested control in east and central Asia HAN SOCIAL STRUCTURE • • • • • • Patriarchal, patrilocal households averaged five inhabitants Large, multigenerational compound families also developed Women's subordination (Ban Zhao Admonitions for Women) Cultivators were the majority of the population Differences apparent between noble, lower class women Scholar bureaucrats: Confucian trained bureaucrats • • • Scholar Gentry • • • • Officials selected through competitive testing Used to run the government in Early Han Confucian bureaucrats intermarried with landed elite New class comes to dominate local, national offices Strongest in late Han Merchants held in low social esteem TRADE AND COMMERCE Iron metallurgy: Farming tools, utensils, and weapons State monopolies on liquor, salt and iron Silk textiles Paper production Invented probably before 100 C.E. Began to replace silk and bamboo as writing materials Population growth Sericulture spread all over China during the Han High quality Chinese silk became a prized commodity Traded as far afield as India, Persia, Mesopotamia, and Rome Increased from twenty to sixty million from 220 B.C.E. to 9 C.E. Despite light taxation, state revenue was large Silk Road established: horses for silk “To this city everything that is most rare and valuable in all parts of the world finds its way.” Silk Road Traveler, Marco Polo, Describing the Chinese city of Beijing. View the video, “Trade Connects the World: The Silk Road.” Answer these questions as you watch the video: 1. What goods were traded on the Silk Road during the Han Dynasty? 2. What ideas traveled along the Silk Road? Silk Road Traders Ancient trade was not limited to the Mediterranean region. The Chinese Han Dynasty Emperor Wudi opened up a trade route, later called the Silk Road that linked China and the west for centuries. Silk Road trade goods included silk, whose Click here for British Museum production secrets were carefully guarded by Silk Road exhibition website. the Chinese, jade, and porcelain in return for glassware, linen, fabric and cedar wood . Han and Roman Empire Similarities Highly stratified societies. Patriarchal families. Confucianism, pater familias. Agricultural base: free peasants-small farms or tenant farmers, Heavy dependency on slavery and latifundias. Han and Roman Empire Similarities Educated civil service. Confucian trained scholar bureaucrats, civic responsibility. Highly centralized state dynastic, empires with appearance of limits through Senate. Han and Roman (continued) Multicultural empires—most conquered assimilated, citizenship offered to best, extension of Roman law and building Extensive road systems and urban communities Subordinated women Armies maintain the empire internally and externally.