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Chapter 9, Section 3 Conflict With Mexico Part 2: The Mexican-American War p. 330-333 The Texas War for Independence leads to conflict and war between the United States and Mexico. Review: The War for Texas Independence • Battle of San Jacinto is the culmination • Six weeks after the Alamo, Texians & Sam Houston defeat Santa Anna & the Mexican Army – 18 minute battle - Santa Anna captured in Private’s uniform Santa Anna surrenders to wounded Sam Houston at San Jacinto (April 21,1836) • Treaty signed recognizing Texas’ independence • Sam Houston elected 1st President of the Republic of Texas The Independent Republic of Texas (1836-1845) • April 1836: Houston forces Santa Anna to recognize Texan independence • Houston hopes U.S. will annex (add on) Texas • Jackson & Van Buren refuse to support annexation Why? – Didn’t want to start a war – Controversy over slavery – Texas was in debt $ • Finally annexed by “lame duck” Tyler in Feb. 1845 – Becomes state Dec. 29, 1845 Republic of Texas flag Annexing Oregon Main Idea: Americans elect a new President in 1844 who promises to expand the territory of the United States. • Election of 1844: James K. Polk promises to expand U.S. territory – Campaign Slogan: “54° 40´ or Fight!” • Defeats Whig Candidate: – Henry Clay • Polk threatens war with Britain over Oregon Territory – Signs treaty with Britain setting border with Canada at 49° N latitude. President #11 – James K Polk Annexing Texas (Becomes 28th state in 1845) • Mexico hopes to reclaim Texas, doesn’t want to cede (give up) more land – Mexico claims Texas border is the Nueces River – Texas claims its border is the Rio Grande • U.S. annexes Texas • Mexico refuses Rio Grande border & U.S. claim to Texas • Polk sends “Army of Observation” led by… The Mexican-American War Main Idea: Expansionists favor war with Mexico, but some Americans disapprove. • Polk provokes a Mexican attack by sending U.S. troops into disputed territory (1845) – Led by Zachary Taylor • Mexican troops ambush U.S. patrol (in disputed territory) – 11 killed, 52 captured • Polk gets Congress to declare war on Mexico “American blood has been shed on American soil!” - J. Polk 1846 Zachary Taylor “Old Rough & Ready” Opposition to the War • Not all Americans support “Mr. Polk’s War” • A young Abraham Lincoln opposes it, calling it an “expansionist war” Support varies by region: North opposes the war – John Quincy Adams, “bigger pens to cram with slaves” South supports the war • War is on – Who will lead Mexico?.... Abraham Lincoln in 1846 Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna • Mexico turns to Santa Anna (again) – He has to sneak past American blockade • Taylor invades from north (Texas) – Crosses Rio Grande • Meets Santa Anna at the battle of Buena Vista – American “victory” due to Mexican civil war Samuel Chamberlain’s painting “He’s baaaaack” Santa Anna in 1847 Rebellion in California • John C. Fremont launches a revolt to free California from Mexican control – Bear Flag Rebellion • Territory quickly gains independence (Jan. 1847) • President Polk names Stephen Kearney Fremont military governor of CA – Fremont’s goal: obtain statehood as quickly as possible – Meanwhile…… John C. Fremont & the “Bear Flag Republic” Invasion of Mexico • General Winfield Scott (with Taylor’s troops) attacks the port city of Vera Cruz • Beach town on the Gulf of Mexico – First amphibious landing in U.S. history – 20 day siege: March 1847 • Marches toward Mexico City (just like Cortez) General Winfield Scott “Old Fuss & Feathers” The March to Mexico City • Robert E. Lee – Scott’s brilliant engineer • Win battle of Cerro Gordo - Capture Santa Anna’s leg • Defeat the “San Patricios” at Churubusco – Some are executed, some branded • On to Mexico City – Final battle at the Castillo de Chapultepec Fighting St. Patrick’s Brigade at Churubusco Captain Robert E. Lee Los Niños Héroes: The Child Heroes • Battle of Chapultepec: 6 young Mexican cadets fight with Santa Anna against American Army - 5 killed in action - Last cadet jumps from cliffs of Chapultepec Castle, wrapped in Mexican Flag – Prevent enemy from capturing the flag & making it a trophy of war Monument to “Los Niños Héroes”: Juan de la Barrera, Juan Escutia, Francisco Marquez, Agustin Melgar, Fernando Montes de Oca, & Vincente Suarez Achieving Manifest Destiny Main Idea: Result of the Mexican-American War, the United States gains huge new territory. • Over 525,000 square miles added to the U.S. – “From Sea to Shining Sea” – Manifest Destiny achieved • Americans suffer 13,000 losses, most to disease (Only 1700 died in combat) • Training ground for future generals of the American Civil War • Expansion of territory reignites tensions between North & South over slavery Characters of the Mexican-American War Zachary Taylor Winfield Scott George B. McClellan Antonio Lopez De Santa Anna John C. Fremont Ulysses S. Grant Robert E. Lee Santa Anna’s Leg • Santa Anna wounded, leg amputated during “French Pastry War” 1838-1839 • Leg captured by Americans at the Battle of Cerro Gordo • Leg is in a museum in Springfield, Illinois • Mexico doesn’t want it back http://www.roadsideamerica.com/story/18808