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The Rise of Industry The Industrial Revolution The Transportation Revolution Introduction In the 1830s, almost all Americans lived on farms or in small rural villages. Very few Americans lived in cities. All of this began to change because of the Industrial Revolution. Industrial Revolution The IR is when people stopped making stuff at home and started making stuff in factories. Industrial Revolution in England The Industrial Revolution began in England. Farmers began using new scientific techniques to grow more food. New inventions, such as the spinning jenny (James Hargreaves) and the steam engine allowed people to make goods more efficiently. People began making goods by machines in factories. British Spinning Jenny (as depicted 1818) Richard Arkwright: “Pioneer of the Factory System” The “Water Frame” Industrial Revolution As the production of textiles and other goods increased, the price for these goods fell, leading to an increase in demand. Producers were able to produce for mass markets rather than just a few customers. These changes set in motion a chain reaction known as the Industrial Revolution. Industrial Revolution in America From Great Britain, the Industrial Revolution spread to the United States. In the 1790s, Samuel Slater built from memory a British machine that made cotton fibers into thread. He broke a major law in Great Britain. Slater’s spinning mill in Rhode Island introduced the factory system to the United States. Samuel Slater "Mule Spinning" in Samuel Slater's mill. Rhode Island System Industrial Revolution in America Slater’s factory was soon copied by other manufacturers. During the War of 1812, merchants could no longer import manufactured goods from England, so they invested in their own factories. In 1822, textile factories opened in New England. Many of the workers were immigrants. Industrial Revolution in America Eli Whitney, a New England inventor, encouraged American manufacturers to use standardized interchangeable parts. Whitney became quite famous for building muskets with interchangeable parts. These were the easiest and fastest guns to make. They became very popular due to their lower cost. In 1798, the federal government--fearing war with France--awarded Eli Whitney a contract of $134,000 to produce and deliver 10,000 muskets. As a result of these changes, textiles and other goods began to be made in factories with the help of machines instead of in small workshops and homes. WAR OF 1812 The war stopped the US from getting manufactured goods from Europe. If the US citizens wanted manufactured goods they would have to learn how to make them The cost of starting a business is high Let me show you Job cost analysis (remember read and note the concept) type of machinery or equipment needed total hours each machine is needed on the job total cost per hour for each machine total cost for each machine the hours needed for each activity or worker to complete the job the total hourly cost for each activity or each worker the total labor cost of completing the job the specific materials needed the amount of each material needed the actual cost (before markup) of each material the total material cost Much less headache for someone else to just make the good ? YES!!!! But then you are depending on someone else to make your goods After the War of 1812, the US decided to take the hard road and make their own goods 1. Before he came to America, Samuel Slater was a a.weaver in Britain. b.farmworker in Britain. c.skilled mechanic in Britain. d.textile-mill owner in Britain. ____ 2.In the early 1700s, most people in Europe and the United States were a.merchants. b.carpenters. c.skilled workers. d.farmers. ____ 3.The first successful textile mill in the United States was established in a.1790 at Pawtucket, Rhode Island. b.1769 by Richard Arkwright. c.Waltham, Massachusetts, by Francis Cabot Lowell. d.Lowell, Massachusetts, by the Boston Manufacturing Company. ____ 4.Before the War of 1812, Americans were reluctant to build new factories and machinery because a.the Gibbons v. Ogden decision discouraged commerce between states. b.New England lacked the fast-flowing rivers needed to power the mills. c.Eli Whitney’s new principle made factories seem obsolete. d.British manufacturers could produce large amounts of goods and charge lower prices. SECTION 2 Samuel Slater’s factor grew in Rhode Island To increase production, he hired entire families to work at his mills He was able to pay children very low wages but at least the entire family was producing an income Rhode Island System Francis Cabot Lowell and the Waltham System Lowell travels to England Builds 1st fully integrated textile mill in Waltham, MA (1814) Use of unskilled workers Avoided organized labor Waltham System - recruited daughters of farmers as workers Mill workers outside a Lowell boarding house Lowell Workers 3/4 young farm women (in early years) Lived in boarding houses 1830’s typical wage: $12-14 /month Worked 14 hour days with only Sunday off (until 1853) Very dangerous conditions Boston Manufacturing Company mill on the Charles River in Waltham (1830) Mill Workers Feb. 1834 - Strike! 1836 1840’s - petitions for 10-hour day New influx of immigrants By 1845 Irish immigrants dominant - more protest Rapid Growth of Textile Mills Spindles in the United States (1805-1860) 6,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 60 18 50 18 40 18 31 18 25 18 20 18 15 18 10 18 09 18 07 18 18 05 0 Sarah G. Bagley fought for shorter working days for the women in Lowell Federal employees were ranted a 10hour work day before private employees were. President Martin Van Buren was in office review The fiThe first textile mill using the Lowell system was built in a.Waltham, Massachusetts, in 1814. b.Boston, Massachusetts, in 1793. c.Lowell, Massachusetts, in 1823. d.Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1807. To convince business owners to listen to them, workers sometimes staged strikes, a.voting for candidates who agreed with them. b.destroying machines and equipment, thus disabling the factory. c.refusing to work until employers met union demands. d.working for other companies until their original employer raised salaries. Section 3 The Transportation Revolution Other important changes occurred in the way people moved from one place to another. This further encouraged industrialization and westward expansion. The Transportation Revolution The removal of Native Americans and the sale of cheap federal land encouraged people to move west. But as the nation expanded, travel overland became a problem. Travel by road was both expensive and time-consuming. Roads tended to be unpaved and became very muddy with heavy rains. The Transportation Revolution In 1806, the federal government agreed to finance the National (Cumberland) Road, which was to run from Cumberland, Maryland, across the Appalachian Mountains to Ohio. Henry Clay’s American System sought to unite sections of the country by building additional roads with federal money. The Transportation Revolution In the 1800s, it was easier to ship goods by water than by land. New York began building a 360-mile canal to connect Lake Erie to the Hudson River. The Erie Canal was completed in 1825. New canals were built all over the country. The Transportation Revolution Robert Fulton invented the steamboat in 1807. This invention revolutionized transportation. Fulton used the steam engine to drive a large wheel with paddles. Steam power was more dependable than wind and could be used to move a boat upstream. Robert Fulton Robert Fulton's first steamboat, 1807, the Clermont New Jersey Who has the power to regulate the waterways that separate the two states?? New York Gibbons vs. Ogden Gibbons v. Ogden, 22 U.S. (9 Wheat.) 1, 6 L. Ed. 23, was a landmark decision of the Supreme Court that defined the scope of power given to Congress pursuant to the Commerce Clause of the Constitution. In 1800, the state of New York enacted a statute that gave robert livingston and Robert Fulton a monopoly— an exclusive right—to have their steamboats operate on the state waterways. Aaron Ogden owned a steamboat company and had received a license from Livingston and Fulton to conduct a business between ports in New York City and New Jersey. Ogden had formerly been in business with Thomas Gibbons, who started his own steamship company that operated between New York and New Jersey, in direct competition with Ogden. Ogden brought an action to enjoin Gibbons from continuing to run his steamships, which were licensed in the coastal trade under a 1793 act of Congress. The state courts granted Ogden the Injunction, and the case was brought on appeal to the Supreme Court. Daniel Webster, the attorney for Gibbons, argued that the issuance of the injunction was wrongful since the laws that authorized the Monopoly were enacted in violation of the Commerce Clause of the Constitution. This clause gave Congress, not the states, the power to regulate commerce among the states. The term commerce included not only buying and selling but also navigation necessary to bring about such transactions. Confirmed the power of Congress to regulate commerce: Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824) Question presented to the court: Did the State of New York exercise authority in a realm reserved exclusively to Congress, namely, the regulation of interstate commerce? In the majority opinion drafted by Chief Justice John Marshall, the Court agreed with this definition of commerce and then reasoned that since Congress was vested with the power to regulate commerce, there could be no infringement of this power other than that specified in the Constitution. States cannot act in this area without express permission of Congress. The actions of New York State were an unauthorized interference with the power of Congress to regulate commerce, and therefore, the Court reversed the decree of the state court and dismissed the injunction against Gibbons. The Transportation Revolution Both American and English inventors began applying the steam engine to land transportation. By the 1830s, the first railroads began to criss-cross America. Railroads made it possible to travel quickly and safely even when there were no water routes. American Railroads Peter Cooper built the Tom Thumb When it first ran in 1830, the engine had a crowd watching as a horse http://www.explainthatstuff.com/steamanimation.html Railroad growth By 1860, about 30,000 miles of railroad had been laid The cost of transporting goods dropped and therefore so did the cost of goods Impact of the Industrial and Transportation Revolutions Changes in production: Many goods were now produced in factories instead of by hand, at home, or in small workshops. New inventions stimulated the growth of other new industries. Impact of the Industrial and Transportation Revolutions Urbanization: People moved to towns and cities that sprang up around new factories. Other urban centers developed where factory goods were shipped and carried from one type of transport to another (for example, from river boat to land transport). Impact of the Industrial and Transportation Revolutions Rise of a National Market: Improved transportation allowed goods to be shipped longer distances. Manufacturers could now produce goods for the entire country rather than just their local area. Larger factories brought the prices of goods down. Impact of the Industrial and Transportation Revolutions Changed living standards: People could buy processed grains, read-made clothing, kerosene lamps, and other manufactured goods. Factory workers, however, labored long hours in unsafe conditions. review 1. The steam locomotive Tom Thumb was built by a.Eli Whitney. b.Robert Fulton. c.Peter Cooper. d.the Springfield Armory. 2. The popularity of the railroad a.inspired people to become manufacturers. b.led to the replacement of the steamship completely. c.Was the result of the work of Robert Fulton. d.eventually led to about 30,000 miles of track being laid. 3. The transportation Revolution was a rapid growth in the a.Raw materials needed for transportation in the U.S. during the 1800s. b.use of wires to send messages by means of electricity during the 1800s. c.technological discoveries that improved travel in Britain during the late 1700s. d.speed and convenience of transportation in the United States during the 1800s. Section 4 Technological advances How to allow these growing businesses and cities to communicate with each? The TELEGRAPH Invented by Samuel Morse Morse’s asst., Alfred Vail, created the Morse Code, a series of dots and dashes to stand for letters Please decipher: New technology allowed factories to be built ANYWHERE Factories no longer had to be built near river!! Although Elias Howe, Jr., is generally credited with patenting the first practical sewing machine in 1846, many inventors sought to improve on his basic design, leading to patent disputes. Howe's rival, Isaac Merritt Singer, received a patent in 1851 for an improved sewing machine, but Howe sued Singer for patent infringement. Singer continued to improve on his own model, adding a foot treadle for hands-free operation and a carrying case that doubled as a stand. Singer eventually settled the suit with Howe in 1854. a Farm inventions John Deere: (is more than a green t-shirt) John Deere developed the first American cast steel plow. The implements being used by pioneer farmers of that day were cumbersome and ineffective for cutting and turning the prairie soil. Cyrus McCormick grew up on a farm in Virginia. His goal was to earn a million dollars. In 1833 that was a lot of money. The average worker only earned a nickel an hour. Twenty-six years later, he had earned a million dollars. He had also changed the way people farmed, with his wheat harvester called the reaper. Cyrus and his wife were very generous, sharing their money with people who needed help. Before his invention, a farmer could harvest only 1/2 acre a day using a scythe * (SIGHTH). With the invention, a farmer and a helper could harvest 12 acres a day! Impact of the Industrial and Transportation Revolutions Sectionalism: Industrialization deepened sectional differences. The North became more industrialized while the South grew cotton for factories. The End Mrs Edge Rocks My Sock Drawer. ~Mandy didn’t write this
