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February 8 – A forty-four day raid into Laos by South Vietnamese soldiers is begun with the aid of United States air and artillery. • May 10, 1971- The Senate approves a Constitutional Amendment, the 26th, that would lower the voting age from 21 to 18. House approval came on March 23. It was ratified by the states by June 30 and received certification by President Richard Nixon. • June 30, 1971- the United States Supreme Court supports the privilege of the Washington Post and the New York Times to publish classified Pentagon papers about the Vietnam War, supported by the articles of the First Amendment in the Constitution. The New York Times had begun the publication of the Pentagon papers on June 13. • This Amendment was passed during the Vietnam War at a time when there was national anti- war protest and social unrest. America was solely divided over the war. There were lots of protests over the draft or ,being called up for military service. All males over the age of 18 were eligible for the draft, but the minimum voting age was 21. It was widely considered unfair that these 18-year-olds were eligible for military service, and therefore old enough to fight and die for their country, but didn’t have the right to vote. After lots of political debate and a Supreme Court case (in which the justices’ opinions were divided), Congress had at last lowered the national voting age from 21 to 18. In the 26th Amendment, the minimum age was set at 18 for both state and national elections. It was ratified in July 1971. Daniel Ellsberg is a former U.S. Marine and military analyst who start and constitutional crisis when he released the Pentagon Papers. The papers consisted of the U.S. military's account of theater activities in the Vietnam War. Ellsberg released top secret documents to The New York Times. His release of the Pentagon Papers succeeded in substantially eliminating public support for the Vietnam War. A succession of related events, including Watergate, eventually led to President Richard M. Nixon's resignation. The Pentagon Papers were mostly an indictment of the Democratic administration of Lyndon B. Johnson , but they fed the Nixon administration's actions with finding information and document leakers. They eventually led to the secret White House "Plumbers" group and then to Watergate. In its turn, Watergate led to the first resignation of an American president, Richard M. Nixon. The Pentagon Papers contained plans to invade Vietnam, even though President Johnson had told the public that he had no intention to stage an invasion. The releasing of those papers not only was politically embarrassing to the Nixon Administration but also to the Johnson and Kennedy administration before him. • February 21 - The “journey for peace” trip of the U.S. President to Peking, China begins. The eight day journey by Richard M. Nixon and meetings with Mao Zedong, unprecedented at the time, began the process for normalization of relations with China. • March 30 - The biggest assault by North Vietnam troops though the demilitarized zone in four years creates bombing raids to start again by United States forces against Hanoi and Haiphong on April 15, ending a four year cessation of those raids. • June 17 – The Watergate crisis starts when four men are arrested for breaking into the Democratic National Committee headquarters in the Watergate office building in Washington, D.C. on the same day that Okinawa is returned from U.S. control back to Japan. President Richard M. Nixon beat his Democratic challenger George S. McGovern, winning 520 Electoral College votes to 17, and taking over 60% of the popular vote. achievement of a peaceful relationship with communist China after its 25 years of isolation by free-world nations. Richard Nixon as President began to view communist nations not as a unified ideology, but as individual entities, each with unique roles in world affairs. He was convinced that communism would eventually fail and felt that beyond the cold-war years, the world needed a structure for peace in which free and communist nations would coexist in a world of friendly and fair trade. He felt that peace with communist China would weaken its ties with the Soviets, improve his chances of ending the war in Vietnam, and contribute to world peace and stability. His "Journey for Peace" was successful and accomplished these goals. January 22 – the US Supreme Court claimed in Roe vs. Wade that a women can not be restricted by a state in having an abortion in the first six months of pregnancy. January 27 – four part Vietnam peace pacts, the Paris Peace Accords, were signed in Paris, France. The announcement of the military draft ending also occurred on that date. The last U.S. military troops would leave the war zone on March 29. January 30 – two defendants in the Watergate break-in trial are convicted. The remaining five defendants had pleaded guilty to the crime two weeks before. October 10 – Vice President Spiro T. Agnew resigns amid charges of tax evasion and is replaced by the appointment of Gerald R. Ford on October 12. October 19 – the Arab Oil Embargo: Oil imports form Arab oilproducing nations are banned to the United States after the start of the Arab-Israeli war, created the 1973 energy crisis. They would not resume until March 18, 1974 Roe vs. Wade is the historic Supreme Court decision overturning a Texas interpretation of abortion law and making abortion legal in the United States. The Roe v. Wade decision held that a woman, with her doctor, could choose abortion in earlier months of pregnancy without legal restriction, and with restrictions in later months, based on the right to privacy. The lower court's decision in this case was based on the Ninth Amendment, a part of the Bill of Rights, stating that "the enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people," protected a person's right to privacy. The Supreme Court chose to base its decision on the Fourteenth Amendment. Roe vs. Wade was decided primarily on the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. A criminal statute that did not take into account the stage of pregnancy or other interests than the life of the mother was deemed a violation of Due Process. March 7 – legislation is signed by President Nixon creating the Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area along the Cumberland River in Kentucky and Tennessee May 7 – impeachment hearing are began by the House Judiciary Committee against President Richard M. Nixon in the Watergate affair. On July 24, the United States Supreme Court rules that President Nixon must turn over the sixty-four tapes of White House conversations concerning the Watergate break-in. July 27 – the first of three articles of impeachment against President Richard M. Nixon is recommended in a 27-11 vote of the House Judiciary Committee, charging that Nixon had been part of a criminal conspiracy to obstruct justice in the Watergate affair August 9 – President Richard M. Nixon resigns the office of the presidency, avoiding the impeaching process and admitting his role in the Watergate affair. He was replaced by Vice President Gerald R. Ford, who, on September 8, 1974, pardoned Nixon for his role. Nixon was the first president to ever resign from office. January 1 - The Watergate cover up trials of Mitchell, Haldeman, and Ehrlichman are completed; all are found guilty of charge April 29-30 – Communist forces complete their takeover of South Vietnam, forcing the evacuation from Saigon of civilians from the United States and the unconditional surrender of South Vietnam. November 2 - Challenger Jimmy Carter, a relatively unknown performer Democratic governor form Georgia, best Gerald Ford in a closely contested election. Carter received a slight majority of the popular vote, as well as an Electoral College victory of 297 to 240 January 21 - The majority of Vietnam War draft evaders, ten thousand in number, are pardoned by President Jimmy Carter. August 4 – the cabinet level Energy Department is created by Jimmy Carter April 18 – the United States Senate votes to return the Panama Canal back to Panama on December 31, 1999. A treaty for the return had been signed on September 7 of the previous yesr, pending approval by the U.S. Congress. September 17 - the Camp David Peace Agreement between Israel and Egypt is formulated in twelve days of secret negotiations at the Camp avid retreat of the President. President Jimmy Carter witnessed the sighing of the agreement between Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin and Egyptian President Anwar Sadat at the White House. Camp David Peace Accord private meeting between President CARter, Zbigniew Brzezinski, Cyrus Vance, and Harold Brown, September 15, 1978, Camp David, Maryland October 16 – Pope John Paul II, Korol Wojtyla of Poland, is elected Pope at Vatican City November 4 – the Iran Hostage Crisis begins when sixty- three Americans are among ninety hostages taken at the American embassy in Tehran by three thousand militant student followers of Ayatollah Khomeini, who demand that the former shah return to Iran to stand trial