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Goals 7-12 US History Review Muckrakers" was the name that Theodore Roosevelt gave journalists of the early part of the 20th century who exposed governmental and abuses in American business. Ida Tarbell, one of the original muckrakers, was able to help shut down the Standard Oil Company monopoly by advocating for the Clayton anti-trust Act, which declared monopolies illegal in America. President Theodore Roosevelt was sickened after reading an advance copy. He called upon Congress to pass a law establishing the Food and Drug Administration and, for the first time, setting up federal inspection standards for meat. Muckrakers: Ida Tarbell, Upton Sinclair, and Lincoln Steffens Helped Expose Scandal, Inspire Reform, and Invent Investigative by writing about dangerous and questionable practices in the Standard Oil Company Trust, Meat packing industry, and conditions of the cities Jacob Riis was among the first to use flash powder (PICTURES) as a muckraking journalist, which enabled him to photograph interiors and exteriors of the horrible conditions of city slums. Jacob Riss advocated for clean sewer systems in cities to ensure safe drinking water in Urban slums. Seventeenth Amendment: Direct Election of Senators Progressives wanted the direct election of senators to stop continued government corruption and rioting Content: Sharecropping The primary means of African American livelihood became sharecropping. Former white plantation owners would hire former slaves to work the land cheaply in exchange for food, clothing, housing and a small bit of pay. In terms of the power structure, the laborer was subjected to the demands of the sharecropper until he Content: Legalized government segregation The Plessey decision set the precedent that "separate" facilities for blacks and whites were constitutional as long as they were "equal." The "separate but equal" doctrine was quickly extended to cover many areas of public life, such as restaurants, theaters, restrooms, and public schools. Content: Henry Ford –Model T Had the greatest impact on transportation during the first quarter of the 20th century The Model T replaced railroad travel which led the country throughout the 1800’s Nationalistic struggles and problems for independence in Europe led to political struggles for power. Nations wanted to have their own country, so began rivalries with other countries around Europe and this was one of the causes of the first World War I. Austria-Hungary separated into different countries. Content: The factors caused the U.S. to enter WWI Sinking of the Lusitania Zimmermann Note Unrestricted submarine warfare In response to the damage wrought on Allied shipping by the German campaign of 'unrestricted submarine warfare', the Navy introduced a convoy system in June 1917. The convoy system worked by providing escort vessels for individual ships. These escorts not only guarded against surface gunfire attacks, but also dropped depth charges in areas where German 'U-boats' were known to operate. 1918) United States provided strong energized troops who entered World War I, and energized the European forces in an effort to win the war with great enthusiasm. World War I: The First World War, originally called the Great War, raged from 1914 to 1918. Mostly fought in western Europe in muddy, bloody trenches, WWI saw the introduction of the machine gun and poison gas into battle. Content: Enlistment slogans to defeat the German army the United States entered World War I, April 1917 Make the world safe for democracy enlist today Keep freedom of the seas defeat the Huns (Germans) Sedition Act of 1918, which made it a crime to "willfully utter, print, write, or publish any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about the form of the Government of the United States" or to "willfully urge, incite, or advocate any curtailment of the production" of the things "necessary or essential to the prosecution of the war. Impact of World War I at Home Suspension of writ of habeas corpus Schenck v. United States 1919 Restrictions on civil liberties during wartime Sedition Act Content: Republicans Big Business, Reduce the size of the US government Republicans of the late 1920’s wanted to reduce government influence of big business Halt continued progressive reforms Content: easy consumer credit Buying on Margin Over speculation (thought you had the money but did not) The factors that contributed to both the boom and bust of the 1920’s and 1930s in the US. Content: Dust Bowl - Agricultural depression During the 1920's, farmers in the United States experienced the worst Depression in history; an economic slump which turned on its head the prosperity of the 1920's a slump in which thousands of farmers lost their farms. Content: Cars replaced railroads in the 1920s Social travel was mostly impacted by cars The 1920s decade of escalating debt from credit and overspending People used margin buying to make purchases Content: easy consumer credit The factors that contributed to both the boom and bust of the 1920’s and 1930s in the united States. Many people increased their debt The Volstead Act was a law that effectively reinforced the prohibition of alcohol in the United States. The Act stated, no person shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, furnish or possess any intoxicating liquor except as authorized by this act.” It did not, however, specifically ban the purchase and consumption of alcohol. The act was repelled due to violence and bootlegging associated with prohibition of alcohol The 1920s are known today as the “Jazz Age.” Jazz music was created at the beginning of the 20th century. It was influence by blues and ragtime which were popular during previous years. Since jazz was the popular music of the time, it was often played for social dancing. For the most part, ballroom style dances were still common. Some popular danced were the Fox Trot, Black Bottom, Charleston, Waltz, and Shag. Content: Women changed traditional values Flappers: Dance was an outlet for women who had been oppressed in America The 19th amendment gave women the right to vote, allowing them a voice in the government. This had a large impact on dance because since women had voting rights they were allowed to do more things but dance was an outlet for women who had been oppressed in America Red Scare 1919 Unemployment surged upward until summer of 1919. There were 3600 strikes in 1919 involving 4 million workers. The cost of living was 99% higher in 1919 than in 1914 due to inflation, some people began to think that communism might be a better system causing the red Scare Stock Market Crash was caused by Overspeculation Stocks were Overpriced Stocks were overpriced and the crash brought share prices back to a normal levels. stock value Price ratios were too high. When President Roosevelt took office in 1933, he feverishly created program after program to give relief, create jobs, and stimulate economic recovery for the U.S. These programs were called relief, recovery and reform a bold experiment to reform and enlarge the U.S. government to aid the people during the great depression. WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION (Relief) Established under the $4.8 billion Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935, the WPA lasted until 1943 and employed at least 8.5 million people. They built thousands of roads, bridges, schools, post offices and other public construction projects. The New deal enlarged the size of government and put people back to work Roosevelt New Deal programs required bold experimentation The New deal enlarged the size of federal government The federal government under FDR took responsibility for the welfare of its citizens FDR New deal programs required deficit spending FDR: Court packing FDR tried to increase the number of justices to the supreme court to insure passage of his New deal programs Court disapproved of FDR deficit spending Content: Authoritarian regimes Germany Japan and Italy Sought world domination during WWI Germany invaded Europe and Africa Japan the pacific Content: WWII theater battles Battle at Stalingrad was fought in the European theater Battle of Midway fought in the pacific –strategy island hoping Battle of El Amien fought in Africa Content: Manhattan project The attack and its aftermath killed an estimated 140,000 people at the end of World War II. Atomic bomb was a weapon with great explosive power that results from the sudden release of energy upon the splitting, or fission, of the nuclei of such heavy elements as plutonium or uranium created as deterrent to German and Japanese advancement for world power Content: Internment of Japanese-Americans The Japanese Imperial Navy attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Dec. 7,1941. The U.S. Supreme Court argued in Korematsu v. United States that the internment camps were legal and justified for military and security reasons. On 26 July 1948, President Harry S Truman signed Executive Order 9981, establishing the President’s Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services. Segregation in the military services officially ended after the last all-black unit had been abolished. The president’s directive put the armed forces at the forefront of the growing movement to win a fully participatory social role for the nation’s African-American citizens. Content: Containment of communism the Truman Doctrine, asked Congress for $400 million in military and economic assistance for Turkey and Greece. Domino theory contain communist in Southeast Asia Content: During the Cold War of the 1950s and 1960s, threat of possible nuclear attack by the Soviet Union inspired the creation Containment policy Nuclear offensive weapons grew dramatically in quality and quantity during the Cold War. World Peace keeping organization 5 country member security council Content: The Federal-Aid Highway Act By the late 1930s, the pressure for construction of transcontinental superhighways was building. It even reached the White House, where President Franklin D. Roosevelt repeatedly expressed interest in construction of a network of toll superhighways as a way of providing more jobs for people out of work. Congress, too, decided to explore the concept Western Europe and North America were locked in a battle with a Soviet regime committed to developing its military might. The allies needed a safety net to repel any form of aggression and to safeguard their freedom. Their solution was the North Atlantic Treaty Americans were routinely persecuted because they were suspected of being insufficiently patriotic in the struggle against Communism and, in particular, the Soviet Union. The persecution took various forms, from imprisonment to the purging and blacklisting of untold thousands Content The “Space Race” began in 1957 when the Soviet Union launched the first manmade satellite, Sputnik. The American government and the American people feared that control of space determine the winner in the cold war. The tension created by the cold war, along with the perceived technology gap, led the United States to pour billions of dollars into the development of a space program (NASA). U.S. families respond to the threat of a nuclear war between the United States and the Soviet Union as the cold war intensified The purpose of a fallout shelter is to shield the people inside from the harmful effects of radiation Cold War President Harry Truman established the CIA during the Cold War to collect Intelligence information on Communist activities Truman actions proved useful during the Cuban Missile Crisis The only Cold War to turn hot was the Korean war The Korean War was not a war at all it was a US police action to stop the spread of communism in east Asia Creating a problem between Communist China and Capitalist America at the 38th parallel dividing North Korea and South Korea Content: Bay of Pigs Invasion U.S. under estimates Cuba resistance forces In April 1961 anti- U.S. forces engaged in the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba, but Cuban forces stop the United States attempt to unseat Castro's government. Content: Civil rights Movement Bus boycott in Montgomery Alabama CIVIL LIBERTIES - Fundamental individual rights, such as freedom of speech and religion, protected by law against unwarranted governmental or other interference. Content: Civil Rights turn to militant Action After the assassination of MLK, Jr. President Lyndon Baines Johnson used the domino theory to justify early U.S. involvement in Vietnam Asia is where the communist conspirators have decided to make their play for global conquest. If we lose Vietnam, south east Asia will fall to the communist its inevitable. LBJ Content: War Power ACT The War Powers Resolution of 1973 (Public Law 93-148) limits the power of the President of the United States to wage war without the approval of the Congress. The United States has formally declared war against foreign nations eleven separate times. Counterculture refers to the social revolution that swept America in the 1960’s protesting war, the civil rights problems, and poverty, otherwise known as the hippy movement. (Because young people wore their hair long in protest of old values) The Vietnam war led to the counter culture of the 1960’s Young Americans referred to as hippies opposed the bombing of Cambodia, and the US police Action in called the Vietnam war. Content: Block grants Block grants reduce federal involvement in state run housing projects The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development funds must be used to benefit state residents. Chief Justice Earl Warren led the court toward a number of landmark decisions in the fields of civil rights and individual liberties. Among these were the unanimous 1954 decision, written by Warren, ending segregation in the nation's schools, Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 is a federal law that enforces men’s and women’s equality in any educational sports program or activity at any educational institution that receive federal funds. Content: Bakke v. Regents, University of California. The Supreme Court first considered that question in 1978, in the case of Bakke v. Regents, University of California. Bakke, a white applicant to the UC-Davis Medical School, claimed that he was denied admission even though his test scores and grades were markedly better than minority applicants who were admitted. The Court found that Bakke had been denied equal protection of the laws by UC- After the Watergate scandal of the Nixon [Republican] administration President Carter campaigned on the promise that he would not lie or deceive the American people and he won the 1976 presidential election U.S. oil consumption was the major cause of ill shortages in the early 1970’s, mainly from gas inefficient vehicles Arab-Israeli conflicts had produced a growing tension between U.S. and Arab countries, but over consumption was the major problem Ronald Reagan domestic policy- The rich and prosperous do not pay taxes, "trickle down economies" and the lower classes. Lower taxes on wealthily incomes would benefit American society. This policy led to a high Government deficit and deficit spending The concept for the Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars) was designed for x-ray lasers in space to shoot down Soviet missiles. Reagan is credit for helping to end cold war, but it was already over. The concept required deficit spending and led to the largest US deficit in modern times during the Reagan era. President H.W. Bush saw Operation Desert Storm as a mission to drive Iraqi forces out of Kuwait Operation Desert Storm was decision to restore Kuwait's sovereignty by military force. The ensuing air war and the effects of the economic embargo decimated Iraq's military infrastructure, severed communication and supply lines driving Iraqi forces out of Kuwait On April 26, 1986, the fourth reactor of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, exploded. The workers were performing an experiment with the reactor's safety systems during which the computercontrolled safety systems were disabled. Problems occurred during the tests, the reactor did not receive enough coolant, had built up too much heat in the core and exploded. Content: Cesar E. Chavez A true American hero, Cesar was a Latino, a farm worker and labor leader; he mobilized migrant workers to protest their working conditions, a crusader for nonviolent social change; and an environmentalist and consumer advocate President Clinton used force in Bosnia an attempt to bring an end to regional conflict President Clinton deployed forces to Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Hungary as part of the NATO Implementation Force (IFOR) in Operation Joint Endeavor to stop regional conflict NAFTA, the North American Free Trade Agreement, went into effect on January 1, 1994. The Agreement phases out most tariffs between the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Tariffs, which are taxes on imports, increase the price of foreign goods and thereby benefit domestic producers. President Clinton passage this legislation in 1994 Content: Hispanics Hispanics are the largest minority population in the United States whose buying power has more than tripled during the past 15 years. Content: Diversity of America Promoting ethnic equality and fostering a culture of mutual respect for people from different ethnic groups requires multiple teaching practices No Child Left Behind Act NCLB: includes significant new accountability measures for all public schools. It is based on the ambitious goal that ALL children will be proficient in reading and math by 2014. The federal Government The Patriot Act is a U.S. law passed in the wake of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. Its goals are to strengthen domestic security and broaden the powers of law-enforcement agencies with regards to identifying and stopping terrorists. Main Provisions of the Patriot Act: Homeland Security National Operations Center
