Download American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers

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LO 20.1
American Foreign Policy: Instruments,
Actors, and Policymakers
LO 20.1: Identify the major instruments and
actors in making national security policy.
• Foreign Policy
• Policy that involves choice taking about
relations with the rest of the world.
• President is the chief initiator of U.S.
foreign policy.
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LO 20.1
American Foreign Policy: Instruments,
Actors, and Policymakers
• Instruments of Foreign Policy
• Military – War, threat of war, and military force.
• Economic – Control of oil, trade regulations,
tariff policies, and monetary policies.
• Diplomacy – Summit talks and treaties provide
relationships.
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LO 20.1
American Foreign Policy: Instruments,
Actors, and Policymakers
• Actors on the World Stage
• United Nations – Created in 1945 and
today has 192 member nations with
peacekeeping missions and programs in
areas such as economic development,
health, education, and welfare.
• Security Council has real power.
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LO 20.1
American Foreign Policy: Instruments,
Actors, and Policymakers
• Actors on the World Stage (cont.)
• International Monetary Fund regulates
international finance.
• World Bank finances development
projects in new nations.
• World Trade Organization regulates
international trade.
• Universal Postal Union helps get mail
from country to country.
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LO 20.1
American Foreign Policy: Instruments,
Actors, and Policymakers
• Actors on the World Stage (cont.)
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization – A
regional organization created in 1949 by
nations including the United States,
Canada, and most Western European
nations for mutual defense and has been
expanded.
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LO 20.1
American Foreign Policy: Instruments,
Actors, and Policymakers
• Actors on the World Stage (cont.)
• European Union – A transnational
government composed of most European
nations to coordinate monetary, trade,
immigration, and labor policies, making its
members one economic unit.
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LO 20.1
American Foreign Policy: Instruments,
Actors, and Policymakers
• Actors on the World Stage (cont.)
• Multinational corporations are large and
account for more than one-tenth of the
global economy and one-third of world
exports.
• They have voiced strong opinions about
governments, taxes, and business
regulations.
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LO 20.1
American Foreign Policy: Instruments,
Actors, and Policymakers
• Actors on the World Stage (cont.)
• Nongovernmental organizations are groups
not connected with governments, such as
churches and labor unions, environmental
and wildlife groups, and human rights
groups.
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LO 20.1
American Foreign Policy: Instruments,
Actors, and Policymakers
• Actors on the World Stage (cont.)
• Terrorists operating around the world are
committed to overthrow specific
governments.
• Terrorism – Airplane highjackings,
assassinations, and bombings.
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LO 20.1
American Foreign Policy: Instruments,
Actors, and Policymakers
• Actors on the World Stage (cont.)
• Tourism can affect international relations
and economic system, and it may enhance
friendship and understanding among
nations.
• Students, immigrants, and refugees carry
ideas/ideologies, and demand new public
services.
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LO 20.1
American Foreign Policy: Instruments,
Actors, and Policymakers
• The Policymakers
• The President is the main force behind
foreign policy.
• Chief Diplomat – President negotiates
treaties and makes executive agreements.
• Commander in Chief – President deploys
American troops abroad.
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LO 20.1
American Foreign Policy: Instruments,
Actors, and Policymakers
• The Policymakers (cont.)
• Presidents appoint ambassadors and the
heads of executive departments (with
consent of the Senate); accord recognition
to other countries; and receive or not
receive representatives of other nations.
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LO 20.1
American Foreign Policy: Instruments,
Actors, and Policymakers
• The Policymakers (cont.)
• Secretary of State – The head of the
State Department and key foreign policy
adviser to the president.
• State Department staffs over 300 U.S.
embassies, consulates, and other posts,
representing the interests of Americans.
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LO 20.1
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LO 20.1
American Foreign Policy: Instruments,
Actors, and Policymakers
• The Policymakers (cont.)
• Secretary of Defense – The head of the
Department of Defense and the president’s
key adviser on military policy and, as such,
a key foreign policy actor.
• Defense Department – Army, Navy,
Marines, and Air Force together.
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LO 20.1
American Foreign Policy: Instruments,
Actors, and Policymakers
• The Policymakers (cont.)
• Joint Chiefs of Staff – A group that
consists of the commanding officers of
each of the armed services, a chairperson,
and a vice chairperson, and advises the
president on military policy.
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LO 20.1
American Foreign Policy: Instruments,
Actors, and Policymakers
• The Policymakers (cont.)
• National Security Council was created in
1947 to coordinate foreign and military
policies.
• Composed of the president’s national
security assistant (head), state and
defense secretaries, vice president, and
president.
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LO 20.1
American Foreign Policy: Instruments,
Actors, and Policymakers
• The Policymakers (cont.)
• Central Intelligence Agency – An agency
created after World War II to coordinate
American intelligence activities abroad and
to collect, analyze, and evaluate
intelligence.
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LO 20.1
American Foreign Policy: Instruments,
Actors, and Policymakers
• The Policymakers (cont.)
• National Reconnaissance Office uses
imagery satellites to view missile sites and
military activities around the world.
• The National Security Agency has
electronic eavesdropping capabilities and
protects our national security information.
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LO 20.1
American Foreign Policy: Instruments,
Actors, and Policymakers
• The Policymakers (cont.)
• Congress shares with president
constitutional authority over foreign and
defense policy.
• Congress has sole authority to declare
war, raise and organize armed forces, and
fund national security activities.
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LO 20.1
American Foreign Policy: Instruments,
Actors, and Policymakers
• The Policymakers (cont.)
• Senate must ratify treaties and confirm
ambassadorial and cabinet nominations.
• Power of the purse and oversight of
executive branch give Congress
considerable clout over defense budget
authorizations.
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LO 20.2
American Foreign Policy Through
the Cold War
• Isolationism
• U.S. foreign policy most of its history
whereby it tried to stay out of other nations’
conflicts, particularly European wars.
• Monroe Doctrine – Reaffirmed America’s
intention to stay out of Europe’s affairs but
warned European nations to stay out of
Latin America.
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LO 20.2
American Foreign Policy Through
the Cold War
• Isolationism (cont.)
• Entering World War I and then not joining
the League of Nations continued American
isolationism.
• Entering World War II and then joining the
United Nations put an end to American
isolationism.
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LO 20.2
American Foreign Policy Through
the Cold War
• The Cold War
• Containment Doctrine – George Kennan
called for United States to isolate the
Soviet Union, contain its advances, and
resist its encroachments by peaceful
means if possible or force if needed.
• Truman Doctrine – United States
declared it would help other nations
oppose communism.
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LO 20.2
American Foreign Policy Through
the Cold War
• The Cold War (cont.)
• Cold War – Hostility between the United
States and Soviet Union from the end of
World War II until the collapse of the Soviet
Union and Eastern European communist
regimes in 1989 and 1991.
• Korean War (1950-1953) – Put
containment into practice involving China
and North Korea.
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LO 20.2
American Foreign Policy Through
the Cold War
• The Cold War (cont.)
• Arms Race – Relationship started in the
1950s between the Soviet Union and
United States whereby one side’s
weaponry caused the other side to get
more weaponry.
• Mutual Assured Destruction – The result
of arms race by mid-1960s in which each
side had ability to annihilate the other after
absorbing a surprise attack.
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LO 20.2
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LO 20.2
American Foreign Policy Through
the Cold War
• The Cold War (cont.)
• Vietnam War – Johnson sent over
500,000 troops to contain Vietnamese
communists.
• Nixon waged war in Cambodia and
Vietnam, but negotiated with Vietnamese
communists.
• 1973 Peace Treaty ends war, but in 1975
Vietnam was reunited into a single nation.
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LO 20.2
American Foreign Policy Through
the Cold War
• The Cold War (cont.)
• The Era of Détente – A policy, beginning
in the early 1970s, that sought a relaxation
of tensions between the United States and
the Soviet Union, coupled with firm
guarantees of mutual security.
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LO 20.2
American Foreign Policy Through
the Cold War
• The Cold War (cont.)
• Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)
was a mutual effort by the United States
and Soviet Union to limit the growth of their
nuclear capabilities, with each power
maintaining sufficient nuclear weapons to
deter a surprise attack by the other.
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LO 20.2
American Foreign Policy Through
the Cold War
• The Cold War (cont.)
• Reagan Rearmament – Proposed a fiveyear defense buildup costing $1.5 trillion
and defense officials were ordered to find
places to spend money.
• Strategic Defense Initiative in 1983 to let
computers scan the skies and use hightech devices to destroy invading missiles.
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LO 20.2
American Foreign Policy Through
the Cold War
• The Cold War (cont.)
• Final Thaw in Cold War – Soviet leader
Gorbachev’s changes helped end
communist regimes and postwar barriers
between Eastern and Western Europe in
1989.
• In 1991, the Soviet Union split into 15
separate nations, and noncommunist
governments formed in most of them.
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LO 20.3
American Foreign Policy and the
War on Terrorism
• The Spread of Terrorism
• Terrorism – Use of violence to demoralize and
frighten populations or governments.
• Forms of Terrorism – Bombing of buildings
and ships; kidnapping of diplomats and
civilians; and assassinating political leaders.
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LO 20.3
American Foreign Policy and the
War on Terrorism
• The Spread of Terrorism (cont.)
• Terrorism is difficult to defend against
because terrorists have the advantage of
stealth and surprise and of a willingness to
die for their cause.
• Defend – Better intelligence gathering and
security measures and punishing
governments and organizations that
engage in terrorist activities.
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LO 20.3
American Foreign Policy and the
War on Terrorism
• Afghanistan and Iraq
• U.S. declared war on terrorism after the 9-112001 attacks.
• Bush attacked bin Laden and al Qaeda and the
Taliban regime that had been harboring them.
• The Taliban fell in short order although many
suspected members of al Qaeda escaped.
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LO 20.3
American Foreign Policy and the
War on Terrorism
• Afghanistan and Iraq (cont.)
• Axis of Evil – Iran, Iraq, and North Korea as
declared by Bush.
• In 2003, a U.S. led coalition removed Hussein
from power.
• Win war on terror – End support of ideology
and strategy used by terrorists out to destroy
the United States and its allies.
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LO 20.3
American Foreign Policy and the
War on Terrorism
• Afghanistan and Iraq (cont.)
• In 2007, Bush ordered a troop surge in Iraq to
slow violence and let Iraqis develop a
democratic government, train police and
defense forces, and engage in national
reconciliation of major religious and ethnic
groups.
• Obama has been substantially reducing U.S.
troop levels.
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LO 20.3
American Foreign Policy and the
War on Terrorism
• Afghanistan and Iraq (cont.)
• Afghanistan goals – Legitimate and
effective governance; relief assistance; and
countering the surge in narcotics
cultivation.
• In 2009, 30,000 more U.S. troops were
sent to Afghanistan to help achieve these
goals, but success has been elusive.
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Defense Policy
LO 20.4
• Defense Spending
• Defense spending makes up about onefifth of the federal budget, which is $600
billion per year.
• This is more than the next 15 or 20 biggest
spenders combined.
• Results – Nuclear superiority, dominant air
force, navy with worldwide operations, and
power around the globe.
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LO 20.4
Defense Policy
• Personnel
• The United States has about 1.4 million
men and women on active duty and about
845,000 in the National Guard and
reserves.
• About 300,000 active duty troops are
deployed abroad and many of them serve
in Iraq, Afghanistan, Europe, Japan, and
South Korea.
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LO 20.4
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LO 20.4
Defense Policy
• Weapons
• Nuclear weapons – Ground-based
intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs),
submarine launched ballistic missiles, and
strategic bombers.
• Stealth bomber costs over $2 billion, and
the total cost of building nuclear weapons
has been $5.5 trillion.
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Defense Policy
LO 20.4
• Weapons (cont.)
• Other weapons – Jet fighters, aircraft
carriers, and tanks.
• Space-age technology helped win the Gulf
War and topple the Taliban regime in
Afghanistan and Saddam Hussein in Iraq.
• Producing expensive weapons also
provides jobs for U.S. workers.
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LO 20.4
Defense Policy
• Reforming Defense Policy
• Reevaluate weapons systems; make
armed forces lighter, faster, and more
flexible; effectively coupling intelligence
with an agile military; and use Special
Forces to conduct specialized operations
like reconnaissance, unconventional
warfare, and counterterrorism actions.
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LO 20.5
The New National Security Agenda
• The Changing Role of Military Power
• Force is often not appropriate for achieving
all goals.
• Soft power – Nation persuades others to
do what it wants without force or coercion.
• National security hinges as much on
winning hearts and minds as it does on
winning wars.
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LO 20.5
The New National Security Agenda
• The Changing Role of Military Power
(cont.)
• United States and its allies have used
military force to accomplish humanitarian
ends.
• 1999 – Protect ethnic Albanians in Kosovo
by bombing Serbs.
• 2010 – Provide food, housing, and medical
care in Haiti after a severe earthquake.
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LO 20.5
The New National Security Agenda
• The Changing Role of Military Power
(cont.)
• Economic Sanctions – Nonmilitary
penalties imposed on nation.
• Penalties – No aid; ban military sales;
restrict imports; or a total trade embargo.
• Goals – Stop terrorism, unfair trading,
human rights abuse, and drug trafficking;
and promote environmental initiatives.
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LO 20.5
The New National Security Agenda
• Nuclear Proliferation
• Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (1968)
– Nations agreed to not acquire or test
nuclear weapons.
• United States, Russia, Britain, France,
China, India, Pakistan, and North Korea
have declared that they have nuclear
weapons.
• North Korea and Iran are now developing
nuclear weapons and U.S. policymakers
are concerned.
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LO 20.5
The New National Security Agenda
• The International Economy
• Interdependency – Nations’ actions affect
economic well-being of people in other
nations.
• International Monetary Fund is an
international organization of 185 countries
meant to stabilize the exchange of
currencies and the world economy.
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LO 20.5
The New National Security Agenda
• The International Economy (cont.)
• Tariff – Tax added to imported goods to
raise price.
• Agreements have lowered trade barriers
– 1993 North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA), 1994 General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT),
and 2005 Central American–Dominican
Republic Free Trade Agreement.
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LO 20.5
The New National Security Agenda
• The International Economy
• Balance of Trade – The ratio of what is
paid for imports to what is earned from
exports.
• Balance-of-trade deficit – When more is
paid than earned; it was $379 billion in
2009; and it can lead to a decline in the
value of a nation’s currency.
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LO 20.5
The New National Security Agenda
• Energy
• Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries – Primarily Middle Eastern
nations seeking to control the price and
amount of oil its members produce and sell
to other nations.
• America imports more than half of its
annual consumption of oil from other
nations, particularly from Middle Eastern
countries.
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LO 20.5
The New National Security Agenda
• Foreign Aid
• Congress appropriates less than 1% of
budget for foreign aid in areas of economic
development and military assistance.
• U.S. donates more total aid than any other
country, it devotes a smaller share of its
GDP to foreign economic development
than any other developed nation.
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Understanding National Security
Policymaking
LO 20.6
• National Security Policymaking and
Democracy
• Policymakers usually respond when people
hold strong opinions about international
relations.
• Separation of powers – President takes
the lead on national security matters, but
Congress has a central role in matters of
international relations.
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Understanding National Security
Policymaking
LO 20.6
• National Security Policymaking and
Democracy (cont.)
• Pluralism is in international economic
policy – Agencies, members of Congress,
and their constituents all pursue their own
policy goals and a range of interests are
represented in foreign policymaking.
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Understanding National Security
Policymaking
LO 20.6
• National Security Policymaking and the
Scope of Government
• Demand government action – War on
terrorism; treaty obligations to defend allies;
economic interests in an interdependent global
economy; and pressing new questions on the
global agenda.
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Understanding National Security
Policymaking
LO 20.6
• National Security Policymaking and the
Scope of Government (cont.)
• National defense – One-fifth of budget and
more than 2 million employees of Defense
Department.
• Scope of government in national security policy
will be great as long as America has political,
diplomatic, economic, and military interests in
the world.
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