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Kennedy’s Foreign Policy 1960-1963 Essential Question • What were the key foreign policy challenges the United States faced during the Kennedy administration? What new directions did JFK take in dealing with communism? Main Idea: President John F. Kennedy sought new ways to deal with the challenges and fears of the Cold War. What new direction did JFK take in dealing with communism? • JFK continues anti-communist policies • JFK increased spending on nuclear arms What was strength Through Flexibility? • Communist countries start using guerrilla warfare tactics. (small bands of soldiers using sudden ambushes) • U.S. introduces flexible response: Special Forces Units such as the Green Berets ( troops that were ready to fight guerrilla warfare anywhere around the world) How did the U.S. gain strength through aid? • U.S. spends money in various regions of the world to attack poverty & to make communism seem less attractive • In 1961 JFK signed an executive order (presidential directive) creating the Peace Corps (volunteers work in other countries in order to provide them with help) Cold War Confrontations • Main Idea: The Kennedy administration responded to Cold War crises in Cuba and Berlin Cuba • 1959 Fidel Castro takes control in Cuba and set up a communist dictatorship. • Cuba became allies with the Soviet Union worrying the U.S. since it was only 90 miles south of Florida • The U.S. was determined to make Cuba democratic that they supported a coup (overthrow of government) What was the Bay of Pigs? • A CIA supported attempt to overthrow Castro’s government. • CIA trained Cuban rebels attacked Cuba & were defeated when JFK refused to provide them with air support The Bay of Pigs was a disaster & had 3 long term effects 1. Kennedy never completely trusted military & intelligence advice 2. Nations in Latin America lost trust in Kennedy 3. Soviet Premier Khrushchev concluded that Kennedy was not a strong leader and could be bullied What was the Berlin Wall? • 16 years after WWII the city of Berlin is still divided. • Soviets want U.S. out of Berlin JFK says no & sends even more troops to Berlin • Soviets build a concrete wall separating East & West Berlin to keep people from leaving East Berlin. • The Berlin Wall symbolizes communist oppression What was the Cuban Missile Crisis? • Main Idea: The United States forced the Soviet Union to withdraw Soviet missiles that had been placed in Cuba. Cuban Missile Crises • Oct. 1962 U.S. spy plane discovers launching sites for nuclear missiles being built in Cuba • JFK orders a blockade (close off Cuba) of Cuba until missile sites were destroyed • U.S. threatened to destroy any Soviet ship attempting to break the blockade Cuban Missile Crisis • Any missile attack from Cuba against any Western country would be considered an attack by the Soviet Union & U.S. would respond with a nuclear attack against Soviet Union • After a 5 day showdown the Soviets agree to dismantle the nuclear missile sites & leave Cuba • The U.S. agrees not to invade Cuba • Kennedy stands up to the Soviets and shows Premier Khrushchev that he cannot be bullied What was the Rivalry in Space? • Kennedy promised to put a man on the moon by the end of the 1960’s • N.A.S.A. (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) was given extra funding to lead the program • In 1962 John Glenn becomes 1st American to orbit the Earth • July 20, 1969 Neil Armstrong becomes 1st person to ever walk on the moon