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Section 1: The First President
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1789 Washington took the oath of office
as the first president of the united states.
John Adams became vice president.
Washington knew he would shape the
future of the united States by setting
precedents, or traditions.
Congress Sets Up Departments
Set up three departments in the executive
branch of government.
1. State Department – to handle relations
with other nations.
2. The Treasury Department – to deal with
financial matters
3. War Department – to provide for the
nation’s defense.
Congress also created
1. Office of attorney general – to handle the
government’s legal affairs.
2. Office of postmaster general – to direct
the postal service.
Heads of Departments
• Secretary of State – Thomas Jefferson
• Secretary of Treasury – Alexander
Hamilton
• Secretary of War – Henry knox
• Attorney General – Edmund Randolph
• These four people became known as the
cabinet.
Judiciary Act of 1789
• Congress established a federal court
system with 13 district courts and three
circuit courts to serve the nation.
• Federal courts would have power to
reverse state decisions.
• Supreme court would be final authority.
• John Jay was first chief justice. He was
chosen by the president and approved by
senate.
Hamilton faces the national debt
• Hamilton’s Plan – U.S. owed money to other
countries, the states, and individual American
citizens. Hamilton thought the debt should be
paid back.
• Congress agreed to pay back other countries,
but didn’t want to pay back individuals.
• Southern states did not like Hamilton’s plan
because they did not owe as much money as
northern states. They would be responsible for
an unfair portion of debt.
Compromise
• Hamilton agreed to locate the new capital
in the South, between Virginia and
Maryland, in Washington D.C.
• In return the South agreed to repay debt.
Hamilton Proposes a Bank of the
U.S.
• Madison and Jefferson opposed a national
bank because they thought is benefited
the wealthy and was unconstitutional
because it was not mentioned in the
Constitution.
• Hamilton said that the bank was not
forbidden in the Constitution. Hamilton
won and Washington signed the bill
creating a national bank.
Tariffs and Taxes
• Hamilton proposed a tariff – a tax on
imports- to encourage people to buy
American and to raise money.
• Imposed taxes on goods, including
whiskey.
• Hamilton’s economics split Congress and
the nation. Some thought that the national
government was too strong and dominated
by the weathly.
Section 2 – Early Challenges
• The Whiskey Rebellion
Farmers upset over tax on whiskey. In 1794
a mob of people with weapons attacked
tax collectors and burned buildings.
• Washington sent an army and sent a
message, “change the law through the
constitution.”
Native Americans Lose More Land
• Battle of Fallen Timbers – Ohio. Anthony
Wayne’s U.S. army defeated over 1,000
Native Americans.
• Treaty of Greenville – Native Americans
surrendered present-day Ohio to the U.S.
Problems With Europe
• England and France were at war.
• Washington issued a Proclamation of
Neutrality. This prohibited American citizens
from fighting in the war.
• Jay’s Treaty – Treaty with Britain. British
agreed to withdraw from American soil, pay for
damages, and pay for debts from before 1776.
• Pickney’s Treaty – Treaty with Spain. This
gave the U.S. the right to trade at New Orleans
and to navigate the Mississippi.
Section 3 – The First Political
Parties
• Congress was divided. They either
supported Hamilton or Jefferson.
• Two political parties took shape. The
Federalist party and the DemocraticRepublican party.
Federalist Party
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Hamilton’s party
Supported strong federal government.
Sided with Britain and distrusted France.
Favored banking and shipping interests.
Comprised of the wealthy
Thought government had implied powers that
were not expressly forbidden in the constitution.
• Elected officials speak for the people
Democratic-Republican Party
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Madison’s and Jefferson’s party
Wanted limited government power
Supported the French
Supporters included small farmers and
urban worker.
• Believed in strict interpretation of the
constitution.
• The people should be in control of
government. Not just a few.
Second President – John Adams
• Vice President Thomas Jefferson
• XYZ affair caused an undeclared war with
France.
• This threat of war with France made americans
suspicious of aliens. Would the aliens remain
loyal if U.S. went to war with France?
• Alien and Sedition Acts – Strict laws to protect
national security against noncitizens living in the
U.S.
• The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions claims
these Acts were unconstitutional.