Download ch_07 Skull- Students b-2017

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prepared by
Janice Meeking,
Mount Royal College
CHAPTER
7
The Skeleton:
Part A
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The Axial Skeleton …
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The Skull
Bones of cranium
I. Introduction
• Two sets of bones
A. Cranium =
Facial
bones
• Bone Category
• Function
• Cranial vault (calvaria)
• Cranial base: anterior,
middle, and posterior
cranial fossae
B. Facial bones
• Make up:
• Functions:
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Interior
Surface of
posterior of
skull
Cranial Base
Cranial Base
Anterior cranial
fossa
Middle cranial
fossa
Posterior cranial
fossa
(b) Superior view of the cranial fossae
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Figure 7.2b
Frontal bone
Glabella
Frontonasal suture
Supraorbital foramen
(notch)
Supraorbital margin
Superior orbital
fissure
Optic canal
Inferior orbital
fissure
Middle nasal
concha
Ethmoid
Perpendicular bone
plate
Inferior nasal concha
Vomer
Parietal bone
Squamous part
of frontal bone
Nasal bone
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Temporal bone
Ethmoid bone
Lacrimal bone
Zygomatic bone
Infraorbital foramen
Maxilla
Mandible
Mental
foramen
(a) Anterior view
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Mandibular symphysis
Figure 7.4a
II. Bones of Cranium
A. Frontal Bone
• Location:
• Anterior cranial fossa
• Orbits–
• Supraorbital Foramen–
• Frontal sinus
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B. Occipital Bone
• Location
• posterior cranial fossa
• Articulates with:
• Attachment for:
• External Occipital Protuberance–
• Hypoglossal Canal
• Occipital Condyles–
• Foramen Magnum
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Occipital Bone
Sagittal suture
Parietal
bone
Sutural
bone
Lambdoid
suture
Occipital bone
Superior nuchal line
External
occipital
protuberance
Occipitomastoid
suture
(b) Posterior view
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External
occipital
crest
Occipital
condyle
Mastoid
process
Inferior
nuchal
line
Figure 7.4b
C. Temporal Bones
• Location:
• Four regions– students do
• Zygomatic P.
• External Auditory Meatus
• Mandibular Fossa
• Mastoid P.
• Stylomastoid F.–
• Styloid P.–
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Temporal Bone …
• F. Lacerum– closed by cartilage
• Internal Auditory Meatus–
• Jugular F.–
• Carotid Canal
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External
acoustic
meatus
Mastoid
region
Squamous
region
Zygomatic process
Mastoid
process
Mandibular fossa
Tympanic region
Styloid process
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Figure 7.8
D. Parietal Bones and Major Associated Sutures
•
Location
•
4 sutures
1. 1 Coronal
2. 1 Lambdoid
3. 2 Squamous
4. 1 Sagittal
• Sutural Bones:
.Tiny irregularly
shaped bones that
appear within
sutures
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E. Sphenoid Bone
• Keystone bone:
• Lesser Wing
• Greater Wing–
• Sella Turcica
• Hypophyseal Fossa.–
• Anterior Clinoid P.
• Posterior Clinoid P.
• Optic Canal–
• F. Rotundum–
• F. Ovale–
• F. Spinosum-• F. Lacerum
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ANTERIOR
Clinoid
Processes
E. Sphenoid Bone …
• Superior Orbital Fissure–
• Lateral & Medial Pterygoid P.–
Body of sphenoid
Greater
wing
Lesser
wing
Superior
orbital
fissure
Pterygoid
process
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Interior View of Inferior Surface
Optic canal
Greater
wing
Hypophyseal
fossa of
sella turcica
Body of sphenoid
Body of sphenoid
Greater
wing
(a) Superior view
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Exterior View of Inferior Surface
Lesser wing
Superior
orbital fissure
Foramen
rotundum
Foramen
ovale
Foramen
spinosum
Lesser
wing
Superior
orbital
fissure
Pterygoid
process
Figure 7.9a
F. Ethmoid Bone
• Deepest skull bone
• Contributes to
• Perpendicular Plates–
• Superior & Middle Nasal Concha–
• Cribriform Plate–
• Crista Galli–
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Olfactory
foramina
Orbital
plate
Crista galli
Cribriform
plate
Left lateral mass
Ethmoidal
air cells
Perpendicular
plate
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Middle nasal concha
Figure 7.10
Ethmoid
bone
Crista galli
Cribriform
plate
Sella turcica
Sphenoid
sinus
Frontal
sinus
Nasal bone
Perpendicular
plate of
ethmoid bone
Septal cartilage
Palatine
bone
Hard Palatine process
palate of maxilla
Vomer
Alveolar margin
of maxilla
(b) Nasal cavity with septum in place showing the contributions
of the ethmoid bone, the vomer, and septal cartilage
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Figure 7.14b
III. Bones of the Face
A. Mandible
• Coronoid P.–
• Mandibular Condyle–
• Mandibular Foramen–
• Mandibular Notch
• Ramus–
• Alveolar P.–
• Mental F.–
• Angle–
• Body–
• Temporomandibular joint:
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A. Mandible …
Temporomandibular
joint
Mandibular notch
Mandibular
Condyle OR
Condylar
Process
Mandibular fossa
of temporal bone
Coronoid
process
Mandibular foramen
Ramus
of
mandible
Alveolar
margin
Mental
foramen
Mandibular
angle
Body of mandible
(a) Mandible, right lateral view
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Figure 7.11a
Frontal bone
Glabella
Frontonasal suture
Supraorbital foramen
(notch)
Supraorbital margin
Superior orbital
fissure
Optic canal
Inferior orbital
fissure
Middle nasal
concha
Ethmoid
Perpendicular bone
plate
Inferior nasal concha
Vomer
Parietal bone
Squamous part
of frontal bone
Nasal bone
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Temporal bone
Ethmoid bone
Lacrimal bone
Zygomatic bone
Infraorbital foramen
Maxilla
Mandible
Mental
foramen
(a) Anterior view
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Mandibular symphysis
Figure 7.4a
B. Maxillary Bones
• Medially fused =
• Keystone bones
• Inferior Orbital Fissure–
• Infraorbital Foramen–
• Alveolar Process
• Palantine Process—
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Articulates with
frontal bone
Frontal process
Orbital
surface
Zygomatic
process
(cut)
Infraorbital
foramen
Anterior nasal
spine
Alveolar
margin
(b) Maxilla, right lateral view
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Figure 7.11b
Maxilla
(palatine process)
Hard
Palatine bone
palate
(horizontal plate)
Zygomatic bone
Temporal bone
(zygomatic process)
Vomer
Mandibular
fossa
Styloid process
Mastoid process
Temporal bone
(petrous part)
Pharyngeal tubercle
of basilar region of
the occipital bone
Parietal bone
External occipital crest
External occipital
protuberance
(a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed)
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Incisive fossa
Intermaxillary suture
Median palatine suture
Infraorbital foramen
Maxilla
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Foramen lacerum
Carotid canal
External acoustic meatus
Stylomastoid
foramen
Jugular foramen
Occipital condyle
Inferior nuchal line
Superior nuchal line
Foramen magnum
Figure 7.6a
C. Zygomatic Bones
• Cheekbones
• Temporal Process–
• Zygomatic Arch
Zygomatic
Arch
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D. Nasal Bones
E. Lacrimal Bones
• Lacrimal fossa =
Nasal-lacrimal Groove:
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Palatine Bones and Vomer
F. Palatine bones
• Posterolateral walls of
the nasal cavity
• Small part of the orbits
• Posterior one-third of
hard palate via
• Horizontal P.
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G. Vomer
• Plow shaped
• Lower part of nasal
septum
H. Inferior Nasal Conchae
• One of the 3 Nasal Conchae
• Form part of lateral walls of nasal cavity
• Warms air
Superior
nasal concha
Middle
nasal concha
Ethmoid
bone
Superior, middle, and
inferior meatus
Inferior nasal
concha
Nasal bone
Maxillary bon
(palatine proces
Palatine bone
(horizontal plate)
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Frontal sinus
Superior, middle, and
inferior meatus
Superior
nasal concha Ethmoid
Middle
bone
nasal concha
Inferior nasal
concha
Nasal bone
Sphenoid
Sphenoid sinus
Pterygoid
bone
process
Palatine bone
(perpendicular plate)
Anterior nasal spine
Maxillary bone
(palatine process)
Palatine bone
(horizontal plate)
(a) Bones forming the left lateral wall of the nasal cavity
(nasal septum removed)
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Figure 7.14a
IV. Hyoid Bone—Students do
Greater horn
Lesser horn
Body
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Figure 7.12
V. Paranasal Sinuses– Students do
Frontal
sinus
Ethmoidal
air cells
(sinus)
Sphenoid
sinus
Maxillary
sinus
(a) Anterior aspect
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(b) Medial aspect
Frontal
sinus
Ethmoidal
air cells
Sphenoid
sinus
Maxillary
sinus
VI. Foramina
A. Interior Surface of inferior view of cranium
(inside)
• Optic On
• Rotundum
Round
• Ovale Oval
• Spinosum
• Lacerum
Spine
Lacerated
• Internal Auditory Meatus In A Mean
• Jugular
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Jug
B. External Surface of Inferior View
• Ovale Oval
• Spinosum
Spine
• Lacerum
Lacerates
• Carotid
Carrot
• Jugular Jug
• Hypoglossal Horizontally
• Stylomastoid
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Stylishly
VII Orbits
Roof of orbit
Supraorbital notch
Superior
orbital fissure
Optic canal
• Lesser wing of
sphenoid bone
• Orbital plate of
frontal bone
Medial wall
• Sphenoid body
Lateral wall of orbit
• Orbital plate
of ethmoid bone
• Zygomatic process
of frontal bone
• Frontal process
of maxilla
• Greater wing of
sphenoid bone
• Lacrimal bone
• Orbital surface of
zygomatic bone
Nasal bone
Floor of orbit
Inferior orbital fissure
• Orbital process of
palatine bone
Infraorbital groove
Zygomatic bone
• Orbital surface of
maxillary bone
Infraorbital foramen
• Zygomatic bone
(b) Contribution of each of the seven bones forming the right orbit
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Figure 7.13a
VIII. Developmental Aspects: Fetal Skull
• Skull bones are unfused at birth
• Fontanelles:
•=
• Function:
• 6 = Anterior (1), posterior (1),
mastoid (2), and sphenoid (2)
• Ossify by:
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Frontal bone
Ossification
center
Posterior fontanelle
(a) Superior view
Parietal bone
Ossification
center
Posterior
fontanelle
Mastoid
fontanelle
(b) Lateral view
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Frontal suture
Anterior
fontanelle
Parietal bone
Occipital bone
Frontal bone
Sphenoidal
fontanelle
Temporal bone
(squamous portion)
Occipital bone
Figure 7.35
END
NEXT:
•Skull Diagram Practice Questions
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Practice Skull Quiz
When not indicated, the question
is what “part” of bone.
bone
bone
bone
bone
bone
bone
bone
Part of
Part of
bone
bone
bone
bone
bone
(a) Anterior view
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Mandibular symphysis
Figure 7.4a
suture
bone
Type of
bone
suture
bone
suture
(b) Posterior view
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Figure 7.4b
Bone & part
Incisive fossa
Hard
Bone & part)
palate
Hole
Bone
bone
Bone & part
Bone & process)
opening
Bone
opening
opening
opening
Part
Part
opening
opening
Part
Bone & part
Pharyngeal tubercle
opening
Part
Inferior nuchal line
bone
Part
Superior nuchal line
Opening
(a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed)
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Figure 7.6a
Part
Bone Part
Bone
Openings
Anterior cranial fossa
Opening
Bone
Part
Part
Part & entire
Structure called
Middle cranial
fossa
Bone & part)
Opening
Opening
Opening
Opening
Opening
Opening
Opening
Posterior
cranial fossa
Opening
View
Bone
Bone
(a) Superior view of the skull, calvaria removed
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Figure 7.7a
bone
suture
Bone
bone
& part
bone
bone
bone
Part
suture
suture
bone
bone
bone
Part
bone
Opening
Part
Part
Part
bone
Part
Part
Opening
Part
Part
Part
(a) External anatomy of the right side of the skull
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Figure 7.5a
Bone =
joint
Part & Bone
Part
Part
Part
Opening
Part
Part
Opening
Part
Part
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Figure 7.11a
Bone =
Opening
Part
Part
Part
Bone
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Figure 7.10
Bone =
Opening Part
Part
Opening
Opening
Part
Opening
Part & entire
Structure
Part
Opening
Part
Part
(a) Superior view
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Opening
Part
Figure 7.9a
bone
fontanelle
bone
fontanelle
(a) Superior view
bone
bone
bone
fontanelle
fontanelle
fontanelle
bone
bone
(b) Lateral view
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Figure 7.35
BONE MARKINGS
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Maxilla
(palatine process)
Hard
Palatine bone
palate
(horizontal plate)
Zygomatic bone
Temporal bone
(zygomatic process)
Vomer
Mandibular
fossa
Styloid process
Mastoid process
Temporal bone
(petrous part)
Pharyngeal tubercle
of basilar region of
the occipital bone
Parietal bone
External occipital crest
External occipital
protuberance
(a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed)
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Incisive fossa
Intermaxillary suture
Median palatine suture
Infraorbital foramen
Maxilla
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Foramen lacerum
Carotid canal
External acoustic meatus
Stylomastoid
foramen
Jugular foramen
Occipital condyle
Inferior nuchal line
Superior nuchal line
Foramen magnum
Figure 7.6a
Temporal Bone
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Coronal suture
Parietal bone
Ethmoid bone
Temporal bone
Lacrimal bone
Lacrimal fossa
Lambdoid
suture
Squamous
suture
Occipital
bone
Zygomatic
process
Occipitomastoid
suture
External acoustic
meatus
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Nasal bone
Zygomatic
bone
Maxilla
Alveolar
margins
Mandible
Mental foramen
Mandibular condyle
Mandibular notch
Mandibular ramus
Mandibular angle
Coronoid process
(a) External anatomy of the right side of the skull
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Figure 7.5a
Ethmoid
bone
Cribriform plate
Crista galli
Frontal bone
Olfactory foramina
Anterior cranial fossa
Optic canal
Sphenoid Lesser wing
Greater wing
Hypophyseal fossa
of sella turcica
Middle cranial
fossa
Temporal bone
(petrous part)
Foramen rotundum
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Foramen lacerum
Internal acoustic
meatus
Jugular foramen
Hypoglossal canal
Posterior
cranial fossa
Foramen magnum
View
Parietal bone
Occipital bone
(a) Superior view of the skull, calvaria removed
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Figure 7.7a
Bones of cranium
Coronal
suture
Squamous
suture
Lambdoid
suture
Facial
bones
(a) Cranial and facial divisions of the skull
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Figure 7.2a