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The New Republic
Citizenship and Indian Removal post
Revolution
Study Guide Identification’s
Northwest Ordinance
Treaty of Fort Stanwix
Elitists
Democrats
Shays Rebellion
Annapolis Convention
Articles of
Confederation
Federal Convention
Federalists
Anti-federalists
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Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Rush
Thomas Jefferson
1790 Immigration Act
Buffalo Party
Treaty of Greenville
Tenskwatawa
Tecumseh
Study Guide Focus Questions
• What considerations did founding fathers
debate when deciding how to structure the
new government?
• What events led leadership to reconsider the
Articles of Confederation and devise the
Constitution?
• What political factions arose out of this
debate and whose interests did they serve?
Who would Rule America?
• Elitists or conservatives– later the Federalists
• Constituency: Wealthier, better educated
• Residents of Urban areas, commercially oriented towns,
agricultural districts
• Franchise limited to property holders/wealthy elite
– Maintain power and wealth of the elite
• Democrats or Radicals– later the Democratic
Republicans or Anti-Federalists
• Constituency: Small farmers who predominated in America
• Believed common man capable of self-government
– The essential task of government was to preserve the liberties of the
people from greed and corruption of those who wielded power
State Constitutions
• First post-revolution debates focused on an
appropriate governmental structure for the
new states
– Democrats believed the ideal form of government
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community or town meeting,
people set their own tax rates,
Militia
schools & churches
regulated the local economy
– State government only needed for coordination among
communities
Conservative/Whig position
• Need for balanced government
• The “unthinking many” should be checked by
strong executive and an upper house
– Insulated from popular control by property
qualifications and long terms in office
• Greatest danger was majority tyranny, which
might lead to violation of property rights and
“dictatorship”
Articles of Confederation
• Drafted in 1777 by the Continental Congress
• Established a “firm league of Friendship” between and
among the 13 states
• Reflected wariness by the states of a strong central
government
• Vested the largest share of power in individual states
• Denied Congress the power to collect taxes, regulate
interstate commerce and enforce laws.
1776 - 1780
• 13 states plus Vermont adopted constitutions
• Shaped by the debate between radicals,
conservatives, democrats & Whigs
– Pennsylvania adopted the most radically democratic
constitutions
• assembly would be elected annually by all free male taxpayers
– North Carolina, Georgia, Vermont followed this model
» Vermont adopted universal male suffrage
– South Carolina & Maryland created conservative
institutions designed to maintain disparity between classes
Crisis of the 1780s
• Depression that produced political protests,
• Shay’s Rebellion generated a strong nationalist
sentiment among elite circles
– August 29, 1786
– Revolutionary veteran, Daniel Shay led an armed
rebellion against the harsh taxes placed upon
farmers in which the arsenal at Springfield, Mass.
Was threatened.
– significance: elite wanted a re-evaluation of the
Articles of Confederation, to create a government
that could effectively manage peoples rebellions
Revising the Articles of
Confederation
•The Federal Convention convened in
Independence Hall), Philadelphia on May 14, 1787,
to revise the Articles of Confederation.
–Purpose to draft a new frame of government.
Centralization in favor of merchants, bankers, planters &
conservatives
•Federalist Papers were written between 1787-88
by nationalists
–85 articles arguing for the ratification of the United
States Constitution
–Most people believed the constitution granted too
much power to the central government, weakening the
autonomy of local communities and states
Federalist Papers
• Federalist No. 10
• Advocates for a large, strong republic to guard against
“factions," groups of citizens with interests contrary to
the rights of others or the interests of the whole
community.
• Federalist No. 84 – opposition to Bill of Rights
• Anti-Federalist Papers
• Collection of articles written in opposition to the
ratification of the 1787 Constitution of the United
States – in favor of Bill of rights
Bill of Rights 1791
Legacy of Anti-federalists
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Freedom of religion
Freedom of assembly
Freedom of Speech
Freedom of the press
Right of Petition
Right to bear Arms
Restrain government from unreasonable searches or seizures
Guaranteed traditional legal rights under common law
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Prohibition of double jeopardy
Right not to be compelled to testify against oneself
Due process of law before life, liberty, or property could be taken
Unremunerated rights of people protects
Powers not delegated to federal government were reserved for the states
The Constitution, 1787
• Admirers
– Laid the foundation for the democratization and
expansion of the Republic
• Critics
– Undermines democratic principles of the
Declaration of Independence in order to safeguard
the interests of the wealthy
The United States
• George Washington – 1789
– New Government: planters, merchants,
financiers
• Organized Americas export based on foreign
trade
• Composition of American Population
– 9 0f 10 Americans lived on farms
– Non Citizens
• Lived under patriarchal government of men
• 1/5 of Americans were African American
Post Revolution White Men
• 60-85% White men owned land = Political
access
• 25% other
– Unskilled laborers and mariners
– Working poor – indentured servants
– Walking poor – vagrants & transients
• Jailed, confined to work houses, auctioned out for labor
Women Post Revolution
• Limited gains in exchange for war time participation
– Slightly less restrictive divorce laws
– Greater access to educational & business opportunities
– Perception of women’s moral status rose
• 1787: Benjamin Rush Thoughts Upon Female Education
• Birth of Republican Motherhood
– Common law: women surrendered all property rights at
marriage
• Economically and politically subordinate to men – full
control over women and children’s lies
• Some protest – most women socialized to accept
position
African Americans
• Thousands of black fighters and their families
left America and resettled
• Samuel Johnson in 1775 asked “How is it that
we hear the loudest yelps for liberty among
the drivers of Negroes?”
• 30,000 fled Virginia alone
– West Indies
– Canada
– Liberia, Africa
Africans in the South
• Growth of Free black communities
– Shift in religious and intellectual climate
• Principles of liberty and equality & evangelical notions
of human fellowship
• Weakening of tobacco farming in the Chesapeake
colonies
• Freedom gained
– 200,000 free by the end of the 1700s
– Military service
– Fleeing north
Africans in the North
• Gradual Emancipation Program in the North
• 1777-1784 northern states ended slavery
– Vermont 1777, Mass. 1780, N Hampshire 1784,
Penn, CT, RI.
• Children of slaves would be freed at Birth
– 1810 30,000 remained enslaved in the North
• Due to racism and Prejudice
– Discrimination in housing, jobs, political system
and education
– Churches & self-help organizations formed
African American Intellectuals
• Benjamin Banneker
– born free in MD most accomplished mathematician &
Astronomer of his time
• Jupiter Hammon
– NY Slave, took up contemporary issues in poems and
issues
• “Address to the Negroes of the State of New York” 1787
• Phyllis Wheatley
– Boston Slave, “Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and
Moral”
• In every human breast God has implanted a principle, which we
call love of freedom; it is impatient of oppression, and pants for
deliverance. The Same Principle lives in us
– Written to Mohegan Indian Minister Samuel Occom in 1774
America: Who would be included?
• Benjamin Rush & Diseases of the Mind
– Father of Psychiatry
– Established first asylums
– Intellectual
– “slave holder & white nationalist
• Benjamin Franklin
– The “Lovely White”
• Thomas Jefferson
– Repatriation
“Lovely White”
• Benjamin Franklin argued in Observations
Concerning the Increase of Mankind that the number
of purely white people in the world was very small
and he wished there were more of them.
– “And while we are…scouring our planet, by clearing
America of woods, and so making this side of our globe
reflect a brighter light to the eues of inhabitants in mars or
venus, why should we in the sight of superior beings,
darken its people? Why increase the sons of Africa, by
planting them in America, where we have so fair an
opportunity, by excluding all Blacks and Tawneys, of
increasing the lovely white…?
Jefferson’s Homogenous White Society
• Member of the House of Burgesses
– supported an effort for the emancipation of slaves and in Notes on the
State of Virginian
• recommended the gradual abolition of slavery and the elimination of “principles
inconsistent with republicanism”
• During the 1780s after the enactment of the Virginia
Manumission law, 10,000 people gained their freedom,
– his 200 slaves were not among them .
– He viewed women as breeders and children as profit, and would only
in theory be willing to make the sacrifice of freeing all his slaves if they
would be removed from the United States.
Repatriation
• 25 years, during which the population would double
– 600 million dollars
– cost of removal would be 300 million.
• He argued for the deportation of future generations.
• Black infants would be taken from their mothers, trained in
industrious occupations until they reached an appropriate age for
deportation.
– This would reduce the loss of revenue from 37.5 million because
infants were only worth 25.50$.
» The old stock would eventually die off until no blacks remained
in America
• Jefferson recommended Sierra Leone and the west
Indies for relocation
1790 Congressional debate
• affirmed its commitment to the “pure
principles of Republicanism and its
determination to develop a citizenry of good
and useful men, a homogenous society.”
• Only the worthy part of mankind should be
encouraged to settle in the new republic and
be eligible for citizenship.
1790 Naturalization & Immigration Act
• Congress in 1790 restricted naturalization to “White
Persons”
– This racial prerequisite to citizenship endured until 1952
– From 1907 – 1920 one million people gained citizenship
under the racially restrictive naturalization laws, many
more were rejected.
• The courts established by law what determined a
petitioners race:
– Skin color, facial features, national origin, language,
culture, ancestry, speculations of scientists, popular
opinion or some combination of these factors?
Pre-requisite cases
• The courts offered many different rationales to justify the
various racial divisions they advanced
• Common knowledge
– Appealed to popular, widely held conceptions of races and racial
divisions
– Justified the assignment of petitioners to one race or another by
reference to common beliefs about race
• “Scientific evidence”
– Supposedly objective, technical and specialized knowledge
– Justified racial divisions by reference to the naturalistic studies of
humankind
• Informed by, interpreted by, based on reasoning or logic of common
knowledge
• Webster’s definition of race
Women, Immigration and Race
• Issue of women and citizenship
– eligibility for naturalization depended on women marital
status
– congress in 1855, declared that a foreign woman
automatically acquired citizenship upon marriage to a US
citizen or upon the naturalization of her alien husband
• 1895 treatise on naturalization “a woman partakes of her
husbands nationality; her nationality is merged in that of her
husband, her political status follows that of her husband”
– 1868 only white women could gain citizenship by marrying
a citizen
• 1922 naturalization of women upon her marriage to a citizen or
upon the naturalization of her husband ended
Women’s citizenship, restrictions of race
• Citizenship of American born women affected by genderracial restrictions
– many courts stripped women of citizenship if they married non
citizens
– 1907 American woman’s marriage to an alien terminated her
citizenship
• 1922 congress partially appealed this act
– Continued to expatriate any woman who married a foreigner racially
barred from citizenship – “any woman citizen who marries an alien
ineligible to citizenship shall cease to be a citizen”
– Marriage to a non white alien by an American woman was skin to
treason against the country
• While a traitor lost his citizenship after trial, a woman lost it automatically
– Repealed in 1931
Maintaining the “lovely white”
• The laws governing the racial composition of
this country’s citizenry came bound up with
and exacerbated by sexism
• Women were doubly bound by racial laws,
restricted as individuals, and less than
because they were wives (femme coverture)
Indian Policy of the United States :
Original Foreign Policy
Buffalo Party and Federal policy
American Indian Policy
1780 -1820
• Centralized control of Indian policy
– State and local officials challenged the right of congress to
administer Indian policy on a national level, often arguing
that national politicians were too soft on former enemies
of the united states.
• Buffalo Party
– Policy of extermination of all Indians.
– greatly swayed public opinion resulting in the election of
many more officials that hated Indians.
Land
• A New York editor, Brackenridge
• rather than whites acknowledging Indian title
to any land he believed that they had
surrendered their claim having “not made
better use of it” and by not doing so
“forfeited all pretense to a claim.”
Treaties of Fort Stanwix (1784) & Fort
McIntosh (1785)
• Congressional commissioners forced Iroquois
& other Ohio Tribes to cede portions of their
territory
– intimidation
– seized hostages
– forcing compliance
Westward Expansion
• Land Ordinance 1785
– Provided for the survey and sale of western lands
– Ordered system of survey, divided land into
townships composed 640 acres
• To establish a revenue base for government congress
provided for the auction of public land for no less than
a dollar per acre
• Northwest Ordinance, 1787
– Congress established a system of government for
the territory north of Ohio
– 3-5 states to be created, slavery prohibited
Little Turtle’s War, 1790
• Military confederacy of Shawnee, Delaware &
others under Miami war chief Little Turtle
• Successfully launched against General Josiah
Harmar in 1790 and then against another
American force in 1791 killing 900 Americans
Western Indian Confederacy
• War along the Ohio
continued throughout the
1780s and 1790s
• Shawnee leader, Tecumseh
– Forming diplomatic
relationships among
southern tribes.
– Confederacy designed
to unite several native
nations in a political and
military movement in an
effort to drive whites
from their lands.
1791-92 Indian State
Battle of Fallen Timbers, 1794
American General, Wayne Anthony
Treaty of Greenville, 1795
 12 nations forced
to surrender a
portion of eastern
Indiana and all of
Ohio
Opened millions
of acres of land to
settlement
Promised to end
to British alliance
Rise of a Prophet
• Lalawetheka & 1805 Tenskwatawa
or Open Door
 Doctrine of active resistance
against white expansion and
institutions.
End alcohol consumption
End adoption of white culture
Unite people against a common
foe
Tenskwatawa
• 1806 Indiana territorial governor Harrison
– wrote to the Delaware "if he is really a prophet,
ask him to cause the sun to stand still, the moon to
alters its course, the rivers to cease to flow"
• Tenskwatawa accepted the challenge
– Pointed out the day in which he would blot out
the sun and assembled numerous followers on
June 16, 1806.
– total eclipse of the sun occurred.
• His stock as a spiritual leader soared and hundreds of
people joined his resistance movement.
Tecumseh
• Tecumseh - military and political solution to
white expansion
• Meeting with Governor Harrison 1810
– No Indian or tribe has the right to sell even to
each other much less to strangers that land was
held in trust by all native Americans
– “This land that was sold, and the goods that
were given for it was only done by a few“
– He was threatening Harrison not to crowd the
people out of their country or it would produce
trouble between them
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1811 – Tecumseh informed Harrison of
the Confederacy
– If you want to avoid war, move off
Indian lands
– Enlisting support of Shawnees,
Kickapoo's, Cherokees, Choctaws,
Chickasaws, Seminoles, Muscogee…
– “War now, war forever, war upon the
living, war upon the dead”
– “The only hope of the red man is a
war of extermination against all
whites”
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War of 1812
– English “Alliances”
Battle of Moravian town/Thames in 1813
– 1813 Britain’s betrayal
ended in Tecumseh’s death
and the failure of the
confederacies
– Resistance continued,
some factions of the same
tribes that fought with the
British sided with the
Americans only to be
turned on after the war.
Some Delaware's,
Shawnees, Seneca's,
Wyandot, Choctaw,
Cherokee, Chickasaw,
Muscogee
War of 1812
• The war had two major causes: repeated
British violations of American sovereignty, and
American expansionism, which was later
expressed as manifest destiny.
• 1812-1815
• Ended with the
• Treaty of Ghent