Download The American Vision - White Plains Public Schools

Chapter Introduction
Section 1: The New Frontier
Section 2: JFK and the Cold
War
Section 3: The Great Society
Visual Summary
Can Government Fix Society?
President John F. Kennedy and
President Lyndon B. Johnson
supported programs intended to end
poverty and racism at home and
promote democracy abroad. The War
on Poverty and the Great Society
programs marked the greatest increase
in the federal government’s role in
society since the New Deal. Kennedy’s
aid programs for developing nations
also marked a dramatic shift in
American foreign policy towards
promoting economic development
abroad.
• How do you think Presidents
Kennedy and Johnson changed
American society? What
programs from the 1960s still
exist today?
The New Frontier
What social issues did the
Kennedy administration
address?
JFK and the Cold War
What efforts to achieve
peace did the Kennedy
administration make?
The Great Society
What groups of people did
Lyndon Johnson’s Great
Society assist?
Big Ideas
Government and Society Under the programs and
policies of the Kennedy administration, women,
persons with disabilities, and others gained a greater
share of civil rights.
Content Vocabulary
• missile gap
• reapportionment
• due process
Academic Vocabulary
• commentator
• arbitrary
People and Events to Identify
• New Frontier
• Earl Warren
Do women hold enough political
positions today?
A. Yes
0%
0%
B. No
B
A
A. A
B. B
The Election of 1960
In 1960 a youthful John F. Kennedy
narrowly defeated Richard M. Nixon in
the presidential election.
The Election of 1960 (cont.)
• On September 26, 1960, the first televised
presidential debate aired.
• Democrat John F. Kennedy and Republican
Richard M. Nixon differed greatly in style and
background, but were not far apart in their
views on the key issues.
• The campaign centered on the
economy and the Cold War.
The Presidential Election of 1960
The Election of 1960 (cont.)
• Kennedy worried about a suspected
“missile gap.”
• Kennedy’s Catholic faith became an issue,
but he still won a narrow victory.
• Many Americans had been taken by his
youth and optimism.
The Presidential Election of 1960
Which of the following candidates was a
Quaker from California who had grown up in
a family that struggled financially?
A. John F. Kennedy
A. A
B. B
0%
B
0%
A
B. Richard M. Nixon
Kennedy Takes Office
Despite an uneasy relationship with
Congress, President Kennedy
managed to get parts of his domestic
agenda passed.
Kennedy Takes Office (cont.)
• Upon entering office, President Kennedy set
out to implement a legislative agenda that
became known as the New Frontier.
• Although the Democrats had large majorities
in both houses of Congress, Kennedy was
unable to push through many of his
programs.
Kennedy Takes Office (cont.)
• Kennedy did achieve some victories,
particularly in his efforts to improve the
economy.
• He convinced Congress to invest more funds
in defense and space exploration.
• He asked businesses to hold down prices
and labor leaders to hold down pay
increases.
Kennedy Takes Office (cont.)
• He also convinced Congress to raise the
minimum wage and support his proposal for an
Area Redevelopment Act and a Housing Act.
• In 1961 Kennedy created the Presidential
Commission on the Status of Women.
• The commission proposed the Equal Pay
Act, which Kennedy signed in 1963.
Kennedy Takes Office (cont.)
• Responding to the President’s Panel on Mental
Retardation, Congress enacted the Mental
Retardation Facilities and Community Mental
Health Centers Construction Act of 1963.
• Eunice Kennedy Shriver’s day camp for
children with developmental disabilities later
grew into the Special Olympics.
Kennedy hoped to accomplish the following
goals under the New Frontier EXCEPT
A. Increase aid to education
B. Provide health insurance
to the elderly
0%
D
C
0%
A
D. Create a Department
of Urban Affairs
A. A
B. B
C.0% C0%
D. D
B
C. Increase the size of
the military
Warren Court Reforms
Under Chief Justice Earl Warren, the
Supreme Court issued a number of
decisions that altered the voting
system, expanded due process, and
reinterpreted aspects of the First
Amendment.
Warren Court Reforms (cont.)
• In 1953 President Eisenhower nominated
Earl Warren to be Chief Justice of the
Supreme Court of the United States.
• Some of the Warren Court’s more notable
decisions concerned reapportionment.
What Were the Major Decisions of the Warren Court?
Warren Court Reforms (cont.)
• The Warren Court required states to
reapportion electoral districts along the
principle of “one man, one vote,” so that all
citizens’ votes would have equal weight.
• In a series of rulings, the Supreme Court
began to use the 14th Amendment to apply
the Bill of Rights to the states.
What Were the Major Decisions of the Warren Court?
Warren Court Reforms (cont.)
• This amendment states that “no state
shall…deprive any person of life, liberty, or
property without due process of law.”
• The reading of the Miranda rights to persons
accused of crime also became a law during
these court cases.
• The Supreme Court handed down decisions
that reaffirmed the separation of church
and state.
What Were the Major Decisions of the Warren Court?
Reapportionment boosted the
political power of which groups?
A. Whites and Native Americans
B. Hispanics and
African Americans
0%
D
0%
C
A. A
B. B
C. 0%C
0%
D. D
B
D. Native Americans and
African Americans
A
C. Mexicans and
Japanese Americans
Big Ideas
Economics and Society The Kennedy administration
used foreign aid to improve relations with Latin
American countries and lessen the appeal of left-wing
movements.
Content Vocabulary
• flexible response
• space race
Academic Vocabulary
• conventional
• institute
• remove
People and Events to Identify
• Peace Corps
• Berlin Wall
• Warren Commission
Should the United States foster a
relationship with Cuba?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
Containing Communism
President Kennedy developed new
programs to combat the spread of
communism.
Containing Communism (cont.)
• To allow for a “flexible response” if nations
needed help resisting Communist movements,
the president pushed for a buildup of troops
and conventional weapons.
• He also expanded the Special Forces.
Containing Communism (cont.)
• To improve relations between the United
States and Latin America, Kennedy
proposed an Alliance for Progress, a series
of cooperative projects with Latin American
governments.
• In some countries the alliance did promote
real reform, but in others local rulers used
the money to keep themselves in power.
Containing Communism (cont.)
• Another program aimed at helping less
developed nations fight poverty was the
Peace Corps.
• The United States was losing the
space race to the Soviets, who launched
Sputnik into space in 1957.
• In 1961 a Soviet astronaut became the first
person to orbit Earth.
Containing Communism (cont.)
• Kennedy went before Congress and
declared that the United States should land
the first man on the moon.
• In 1962 John Glenn became the first
American to orbit Earth.
• In 1965 the United States sent three men
into orbit in a capsule called Apollo.
• On July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong and “Buzz”
Aldrin landed on the moon.
Why were conditions in Latin America bad?
A. Governments were in the hands
of the wealthy few.
B. Citizens lived in
extreme poverty.
0%
D
C
E. A and C
A
D. A and B
A. A
B. B
C.0% C0%
0%
D. D
B
C. A recent drought killed
crops and livestock.
Crises of the Cold War
President Kennedy faced foreign policy
crises in Cuba and Berlin.
Crises of the Cold War (cont.)
• The first crisis occurred in Cuba, only 90
miles from American shores.
• Fidel Castro overthrew the corrupt Cuban
dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959.
• Castro then established ties with the
Soviet Union.
The Cuban Missile Crisis, October 1962
Crises of the Cold War (cont.)
• Fearing that the Soviets would use Cuba as a
base from which to spread revolution
throughout the Western Hemisphere,
Eisenhower had authorized the CIA to secretly
train and arm a group of Cuban exiles, known
as La Brigada, to invade the island.
• The invasion was a disaster and the Bay of
Pigs was a dark moment for the
Kennedy administration.
The Cuban Missile Crisis, October 1962
Crises of the Cold War (cont.)
• Khrushchev wanted to stop the flood of
Germans pouring out of Communist East
Germany into West Berlin.
• Kennedy refused to withdraw from West
Berlin, so Khrushchev built the Berlin Wall.
Crises of the Cold War (cont.)
• On October 22, 1962 Kennedy announced
on television that spy planes had taken aerial
photographs showing that the Soviet Union
had placed long-range missiles in Cuba.
• After a flurry of secret negotiations, the Soviet
Union offered to remove the missiles if the
United States promised not to invade Cuba
and to remove its missiles from Turkey.
Crises of the Cold War (cont.)
• In August 1963 the two countries concluded
years of negotiation by agreeing to a treaty
that banned testing nuclear weapons in the
atmosphere.
• On November 22, 1963, Lee Harvey Oswald
shot and killed JFK.
• Jack Ruby then killed Lee Harvey Oswald
two days later.
Crises of the Cold War (cont.)
• The report of the Warren Commission left
some questions about the assassination
unanswered, and theories about a
conspiracy to kill the president have
persisted.
Why did La Brigada fail to accomplish
their goal in the Bay of Pigs?
A. The weather was inclement.
B. They ran aground on a
coral reef.
0%
D
C
B
A
A. A
C. Castro’s forces attacked
B. B
them as they came ashore.
C.0%C 0%
0%
D. They were improperly trained.
D. D
Big Ideas
Individual Action President Lyndon B. Johnson relied
on his experience and persuasiveness to get civil
rights and antipoverty bills enacted.
Content Vocabulary
• consensus
Academic Vocabulary
• confine
• subsidy
People and Events to Identify
• War on Poverty
• VISTA
• Barry Goldwater
• Great Society
• Medicare
• Medicaid
• Head Start
• Robert Weaver
Should a candidate for president
have served in other political posts
before running for office?
A. Yes
B. No
A. A
B. B
0%
B
A
0%
Johnson Takes the Reins
President Johnson’s experiences in
Congress helped him push through
a civil rights bill and new laws to
fight poverty.
Johnson Takes the Reins (cont.)
• By the time Lyndon B. Johnson became
president at age 55, he already had 26 years
of congressional experience behind him.
• With every technique he could think of,
Johnson sought to find consensus.
Johnson Takes the Reins (cont.)
• Johnson believed deeply in social action, so
he declared a War on Poverty in America.
• By the summer of 1964, Johnson had
convinced Congress to pass the Economic
Opportunity Act.
• The act established 10 new programs within
a new government agency, the Office of
Economic Opportunity (OEO).
Poverty Rate in America, 1960–2000
Johnson Takes the Reins (cont.)
• Some of the new programs were:
– Neighborhood Youth Corps
– Job Corps
– VISTA—Volunteers in Service to America
– Upward Bound
– Work Experience Program
Johnson Takes the Reins (cont.)
• In the election of 1964 Johnson beat
Barry Goldwater by a landslide.
Johnson felt the need to wage a war on
poverty for the following reasons EXCEPT
A. His childhood
0%
D
A
D. A belief in social action
C
C. His wife urged him to do so
A. A
B. B
C.0%C 0%
0%
D. D
B
B. Experience teaching in a
low-income area
The Great Society
Great Society programs provided
assistance to disadvantaged
Americans.
The Great Society (cont.)
• After his election, Johnson began working
with Congress to create the “Great Society”
he had promised during his campaign.
• Major goals also were achieved through the
Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting
Rights Act of 1965.
What Was the Great Society?
The Great Society (cont.)
• Johnson’s ambitious vision encompassed
more than 60 programs that were initiated
between 1965 and 1968.
• Among the most significant programs were
Medicare and Medicaid.
• The Elementary and Secondary Education
Act of 1965 granted millions of dollars to
public and private schools.
• Project Head Start and Upward Bound were
two other education programs.
The Great Society (cont.)
• Johnson urged Congress to act on several
pieces of legislation addressing urban issues.
• A new cabinet agency, the Department of
Housing and Urban Development, was led by
the first African American to serve in the
cabinet—Robert Weaver.
• The Immigration Act of 1965 eliminated
the national origins system established in
the 1920s.
The Great Society (cont.)
• In some ways, the impact of the Great
Society was limited.
• Problems with the programs:
– In his rush to accomplish as much as
possible, Johnson did not calculate exactly
how his programs might work.
– The programs grew so quickly they were
often unmanageable and difficult to
evaluate.
The Great Society (cont.)
– Cities, states, and groups eligible for aid
began to expect immediate and lifechanging benefits.
– Other Americans opposed the massive
growth of federal programs and criticized
the Great Society for intruding too much
into their lives.
– A lack of funds
Which of the following Great Society
programs have survived to the present?
A. Medicare and Medicaid
B. Project Head Start
C. The Department of
Transportation
D. Department of Housing
and Urban Development
E. All of the above
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
A
B
C
D
E
0%
0%
C
D
E
0%
B
0%
Domestic Programs of the 1960s
• A growing awareness of poverty,
as well as concern for women’s
rights and the rights of various
minority groups, leads to a series
of new programs known as the
War on Poverty and the Great
Society.
• The President’s Commission on the Status of Women
is established and the Equal Pay Act of 1963 is
passed.
• New programs aid the developmentally disabled.
Domestic Programs of the 1960s (cont.)
• Office of Economic Opportunity is
established to fight poverty,
illiteracy, unemployment,
and disease.
• Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits
race discrimination and social
segregation, and the Voting Rights Act protects
universal suffrage.
• Medicare and Medicaid Acts are passed to provide
federal medical aid to senior citizens and poor.
• Elementary and Secondary Education Act is passed to
increase aid for public schools.
Foreign Policy of the 1960s
• Kennedy pledges to end
Eisenhower’s reliance on
nuclear weapons and to use
new methods to prevent the
spread of communism.
• Kennedy introduces the “flexible response”
policy—building up both nuclear missiles and
conventional forces.
• The United States pledges aid to struggling Latin
American nations.
Foreign Policy of the 1960s (cont.)
• Peace Corps sends volunteers
to help in poor countries.
• The United States aids Cuban
exiles trying to overthrow Castro,
but their landing at the Bay of Pigs fails.
• Soviet missiles in Cuba lead to the Cuban missile
crisis; the United States blockades Cuba and the
Soviets remove the missiles.
• The U.S. and Soviet Union sign the
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.
Supreme Court Cases of the 1960s
• Led by Chief Justice Earl Warren, the
Supreme Court makes a series of
decisions that dramatically change
American society and the federal
government’s relationship to citizens.
• In Reynolds v. Sims the Court requires
states to adhere to the principle of one
person, one vote.
Supreme Court Cases of the 1960s (cont.)
• In four cases, Mapp v. Ohio,
Gideon v. Wainwright,
Escobedo v. Illinois, and
Miranda v. Arizona, the Court
extends due process, giving more
protection to those accused of crimes.
• In Abington School District v. Schemp, the Court rules
that states cannot require prayer and Bible readings in
public schools.
Chapter Transparencies Menu
Why It Matters
Cause-and-Effect Transparency
Unit Time Line Transparency
Select a transparency to view.
missile gap
belief that the Soviet Union had
more nuclear weapons than the
United States
reapportionment
the method states use to draw up
political districts based on changes in
population
due process
a judicial requirement that laws may
not treat individuals unfairly,
arbitrarily, or unreasonably, and that
courts must follow proper procedures
and rules when trying cases
commentator
one who explains, discusses, or
reports in an expository manner,
especially news on radio or television
arbitrary
existing or coming about seemingly at
random or as an unfair or
unreasonable act of will
flexible response
the buildup of conventional troops
and weapons to allow a nation to fight
a limited war without using nuclear
weapons
space race
refers to the Cold War competition
over dominance of space exploration
capability
conventional
nonnuclear
institute
to initiate or establish something
remove
to change the location or position
consensus
general agreement
confine
to enclose or restrain
subsidy
money granted by the government to
achieve a specific goal that is
beneficial to society
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