Download Chapter 26: The Cold War - History With Mrs. Carney

Chapter 26:
The Cold War
Section 1:
Origins of the Cold War
United States v. Soviet Union

Had been Allies against Germany in WWII
–
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The enemy of my enemy is my friend
America: Capitalist
Soviet Union: Communist
The two countries did not agree on most things
VS.
Leaders

Truman: American President
–
–

He went to a conference in Potsdam as the newest
member of the Big Three
He was angry when it was clear that Stalin would
not keep his end of the deal and allow democracy in
the Soviet controlled parts of eastern Europe
Stalin: Communist leader of Soviet Union
–
Wanted Communism to control all countries in his
power; thought capitalism was wrong
Stalin
Truman
United Nations

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A group of representatives from many
countries who worked to keep peace between
countries
The U.S. and U.S.S.R. ended up using the UN
to promote their ideas to other countries and it
made the Cold War worse
UN, 1945
Potsdam Conference
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July 1945
Meeting between major countries involved in
WWII
Stalin refused to allow democracy in countries
he controlled
Truman knew that there would be trouble
between the U.S. and U.S.S.R.
This was the start of the Cold War
Stalin
Truman
Churchill
Tension Mounts

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Satellite nations: countries where Stalin set up
communist governments controlled by the S.U.
– Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary,
Romania, and Poland
Stalin said that Communism and Capitalism could not
work together and another war was inevitable
Truman suggested containment: stopping the spread
of communism to other countries
“Iron Curtain”: the division between communist
eastern Europe and capitalist western Europe
US Aims vs. Soviet Aims in Europe

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Create a new world
order: all countries to
have self-determination
Gain access to raw
materials and markets
Rebuild stable gov’ts in
Europe and new
markets for American
goods
Reunite Germany so it
would be more
productive




Encourage communism
in other countries
Rebuild eastern
European countries hurt
during the war
Control eastern Europe
to balance US power in
western Europe
Keep Germany divided
so it would not get too
powerful again
Containment


The name of the US foreign policy during the
start of the Cold War
We did not want to let communism spread, we
wanted to contain it
Truman Doctrine

The US would give money to Greece and
Turkey so they could fight off any attempt at a
Communist take-over
Marshall Plan



Sec. Of State Marshall’s plan to give aid to any
country whose people were suffering from
poverty after the war
1946-1947: a terrible winter made things even
worse for people who were struggling to rebuild
after WWII
This made the US look like heroes and
communism did not spread in Western Europe
US and USSR fight over Germany
US and USSR fight over Germany

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After WWII, Germany was split into zones
In an attempt to take over the American controlled
part of Berlin, Stalin closed off all access to the city
Berlin Airlift: 327 days of British and American
planes flying over Berlin and dropping supplies to
the people stuck in the city (food, fuel, medicine,
Christmas presents, etc.)
By May 1949, Soviet Union admitted defeat and
lifted the blockade
NATO




North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Belgium, Denmark, France, Great Britain,
Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands,
Norway, Portugal, United States, and Canada
A military alliance: All these countries agreed
that they would defend each other if one was
attacked
Greece, Turkey, and West Germany joined in
the 1950s
NATO

It had a standing army of 500,000 troops so
other countries did not want to attack members
of NATO
The Cold War
Heats Up
Section 2
China Becomes a
Communist Country

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Chiang Kai-shek: nationalist leader supported
by America ($3 billion)
Mao Zedong: Communist leader who led his
side to victory and established a Communist
government after the war
The nationalists led by Kai-shek fled to Taiwan;
America and the UN refused to accept the
Peoples Republic of China (the communist
government)
The Korean War

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Japan controlled Korea 1910-1945
1945: Japan surrendered North of 38th
Parallel to Soviets and South of the 38th
to Americans
1950: N. Korea led a sneak attack on S.
Korea
S. Korea asked UN for help; the Soviets
boycotted the UN because Taiwan was
recognized, not the P.R.C.
Truman sent troops from occupied Japan
to Korea
The Korean War

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16 nations sent 520,000 troops to help S. Korea
(90% were American)
590,000 S. Korean troops
Troops were led by Gen. Douglas MacArthur
The Chinese support the N. Koreans
Both sides fought to hold the 38th Parallel
–

1951-1953: Peace talks last 2 years, war ends in stalemate
Account:
http://books.google.com/books?id=NRt5lgErVJEC&lpg=PA203&ots=fYYO2M8zx4&dq=we%20were%20eyeball%20to%20eyeball...we
%20couldn't%20move%20at%20all%20in%20the%20daytime%20without%20getting%20shot%20at&pg=PA203#v=onepage&q&f=true
MacArthur vs. Truman
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MacArthur wanted to wage full
scale war against China
Truman refused to go along with this idea
MacArthur tried to go around Truman by talking
to the media and other politicians
Truman fired MacArthur
MacArthur was a WWII hero and many people
backed him – he came home to a hero’s
welcome
The Cold War at Home
26-3
Fear of Communist
Influence


Loyalty Review Board: a group that
investigated gov’t workers and their possible
disloyal behavior
House Un-American Activities Committee
(HUAC) – investigated communist activity in
the movie industry
–
–
Hollywood Ten: movie industry workers who
refused to testify because of their civil liberties
Blacklist: list of movie industry workers who were
suspected communists who couldn’t get work
Spy

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The secret of how to make an Atomic Bomb had
been leaked to the Soviets by spies
Alger Hiss: was accused of spying by a
convicted spy, no hard evidence, was convicted of
perjury and sent to jail
–
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Cases
Richard Nixon gained fame from prosecuting this case
Ethel and Julius Rosenberg: were implicated by
a scientist of espionage (spying) and were
sentenced to death even though they plead the 5th
Amendment during their trial
Joseph McCarthy


Senator from Wisconsin
Became famous for
accusing suspected
communists in the State
Dept and eventually the
U.S. Army
–
Because he accused
WWII hero’s, people had
enough of his tactics and
was disgraced
Two Nations Live on the Edge
26-4
Brinkmanship

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Our policy of being on the edge of all out war
with the Soviets during the beginning of the
Cold War
H-Bomb: hydrogen bomb; 67 times stronger
than the A-Bomb dropped on Hiroshima
Dwight D. Eisenhower: President from 19531959
John Foster Dulles: Sec. of State under
Eisenhower
Cold War
Throughout the World

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CIA: Central Intelligence Agency; investigated issues for
the American government that occurred in other
countries
Warsaw Pact: signed in 1953 as a formal alliance
between the Soviet Union and eastern European
countries
Suez War: 1955; Egypt tried to play the Soviet Union
and USA against each other for control over the Suez
Canal
Eisenhower Doctrine: the US will defend the Middle
East against any attempt at Communist take-over
Cold War / Space Race

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Nikita Khrushchev: took over the Soviet
Union after Stalin’s death in 1953
Sputnik: The Soviet launched satellite that
orbited the earth
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This prompted America to invest heavily in our
space program and science \ math in public schools
U-2 Incident: When Francis Gary Powers was
shot down over the Soviet Union in his U2 spy
plane