Download chp 27 and 28 ImperialismFinal

Chapter 27: “Expansionism” but
what we really mean is empire!
Frankenstein’s Monster and the
“curse” of empire (up to 1940)
Colony
America
Frankenstein’s Monster and the
“curse” of empire
1. Marines in charge of
colonization (why?)
2. Train guard
3. Disarm citizens
4. Build roads/infrastructure
5. Leave
6. Guard takes power
7. Consolidates power
dictator
EMPIRES
All the good ones are taken!
America Refuses an Empire
FROM COLONY TO
CONTINENTAL POWER
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American Revolution (1776)
Louisiana Purchase (1803)
War of 1812 (wanted part of Canada)
British Cession (1818)
Republic
Spanish Cession (1819)
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
Manifest Destiny
Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)\
Texas Annexation (1845)
Oregon Territory (1846)
Mexican-American War (1848)
Gadsden Purchase (1853)
Empire?
TERMS:
• Jingoism
• Yellow
Journalism
• Turner’s Thesis
• Alfred Mahan
• Josiah Strong
• Mark Hanna
• Gold Strikes
• Increase in farm
prices
• Middle Class
• Wilson Gorman
Tariff
• Teller Amendment
• Roosevelt’s
Corollary
• Bryan AntiImperialism
• Aquinaldo/
Philippines
• “The Butcher”
• Hawaii/Dole
• Liliuokalani
• Cleveland
• expansionism
• DeLome Letter
• Latin America
• Venezuela
• The “Great
Rapproachment”
• “Dogs of
War”
• The Maine
• Madrid
Agreement
• Teddy
• Dewey and
Manila
• Cuba Libré
• Rough Riders
• Bungled land war
on both sides
• Paris Peace
Treaty 2/6/1899
• Anti-Imperialist
League
• Foraker Act &
P.R.
• Insular Cases
By 1890 the reformist Populism is dead
• Gave up before they got started by
– backing the Democrat candidate
(Bryan)
– allowing southern whites to control
blacks
– ignoring the urban poor
– Republicans outspent them 6 to 1
– focusing only on Silver.
Mark Hanna elects McKinley
• Populism dies out
• Economy grows
rapidly due to:
– gold strikes in Canada
and Alaska
– war in Europe
– Pro-business
government
– The “Bidness Cycle”
Path To Empire?
• Continent covered
• Frontier Closed
• Need for Export
Market
• Social Darwinism
applied to societies
• 4th largest nation, 3rd
largest economy, 4th
Strongest navy
• White Man’s
Burden
• Alfred Thayer
Mahan
• Jingoism
• Human Nature????
• Missionaries
Nationalism in Action
• 1889: US Vs..
Germany over
Samoa
• 1891: 11 Italians
lynched in N.O.
• 1892: two US
sailors killed in
Chile
• 1893: US Vs.
Canada over
border islands
• 1894: GB Vs.
Venez. Over Br.
Guinea--threatens
Monroe Doctrine
1. Commercial/Business Interests
2. Military/Strategic Interests
3. Social Darwinist Thinking
4. Religious/Missionary Interests
5. Closing the American Frontier
1. Commercial/Business
Interests
U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908
Commercial/Business Interests
American Foreign Trade:
1870-1914
Alfred Mahan
(or Bond
Villain?)
Influence of
Sea Power
on History
2. Military/Strategic Interests
Commodore Matthew Perry
Opens Up Japan: 1853
The Japanese View
of Commodore
Perry
Treaty of Kanagawa: 1854
Gentleman’s Agreement: 1908
A Japanese note agreeing
to deny passports to
laborers entering the U.S.
Japan recognized the U.S.
right to exclude Japanese
immigrants holding passports
issued by other countries.
The U.S. government got the
school board of San Francisco
to rescind their order to
segregate Asians in separate
schools.
1908  Root-Takahira Agreement.- recognition of free trade in China
3. Social Darwinist Thinking
The Hierarchy
of Race
The White Man’s
Burden
Make them like us!
4. Religious/Missionary Interests
American
Missionaries
in China, 1905
5. Closing the American Frontier
U. S. Missionaries in Hawaii
Fine thank You
Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s
1st Overseas Expansion: Hawaii
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1870 Missionaries: Josiah Strong
Coaling Station
1875: Commercial Reciprocity Treaty signed
1887: Pearl Harbor leased as naval station
1887: US troops help a Planter revolt led by Dole
called the Bayonet Constitution when the Honolulu
Rifles forced King Kalākaua to sign against his will.
• 1888: A plot by Princess Liliʻuokalani was exposed
to overthrow King David Kalākaua in a military coup
• In 1889, a rebellion of Native Hawaiians attempted to
replace the unpopular Bayonet constitution. The
rebellion was crushed.
U. S. View of Hawaiians
Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849
by virtue of economic treaties.
Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani
Hawaii for the
Hawaiians!
1890: McKinley Tariff hurts Amer. Plantation owners
1893: Queen Liliuokalani rejects Planters request for US
annexation
1893: Committee of Safety
formed by European powers
putting United States Gov’t
Minister John L. Stevens in
charge. Uses U.S.S Boston to
put down another rebellion by
Hawaiians.
Sanford Ballard Dole
proclaims the Republic
of Hawaii in 1894.
Hawaii – Not so Fine, Thank you
• 1894 Wilson-Gorman even higher
• 1894: Cleveland vetoes a bill to
annex Hawaii after reading the
Blount Report
• 1897: Dingley Tariff even higher
• 1898: Spanish American war, so
what the …
• 1898: Hawaii annexed
To The Victor Belongs the Spoils
Hawaiian
Annexation
Ceremony, 1898
DURING the
Spanish-American War
JINGOISM, RACISM & THE
NEED FOR NEW FRONTIERS
LEADS T0----WAR!!!!!
• WHO TO FIGHT?
– ENGLAND (TOO POWERFUL)
– FRANCE (BEEN THERE...)
– SPAIN (WEAK, BUT
BELLIGERENT)
THE WINNER IS SPAIN
BUT WHAT EXCUSE
CUBA
JINGOISM
• Many Americans wanted a fight to:
• competition between Hearst &
Pulitzer
• Weyler The Butcher
• A CIVIL WAR for independence
• Sell papers (Yellow Press)
–Prove to Europe we
could
–Expand territory
–Increase trade
–Roosevelt & Dewey
(Boys and their Toys)
Racism:
• White Man’s burden:
Missionaries want to protect
the inferior “little brown
brothers” (Lodge &
Beveridge)
• Jim Crow controls Southern
Blacks
New Frontiers
the
West is settled
Indians are all on reservation
by 1898
w/o a frontier America will
stagnate (Turner thesis)
CUBA
• 1895 Revolt by
peasants as the
Wilson-Gorman Tariff
1894 ends sugar
export to US
• US sympathizes w/
rebels and worries
about $50,000,000
capital and
$100,000,000 in trade
• Spain sends in
“Butcher Weyler”
• Cleveland rejects
“warhawk Congress”
• Yellow Journalism:
Olivetti Affair
• McKinley Pres..
• Delome Letter
• Feb 9th, 1898: The
Maine
Pulitzer;
No “prize”
as a
journalist
Hearst’s “Yellow Kid”
“Yellow Journalism” & Jingoism
Joseph Pulitzer
William Randolph Hearst
Hearst to Frederick Remington:
You furnish the pictures,
and I’ll furnish the war!
• 1897: American steamship
Olivette was boarded in
Havana. Hearst claimed
three young Cuban women
were strip searched by men.
Not a true story. Women
searched for smuggling
information to rebel leaders
in U.S. Searched in dignified
way by women. Hearst put
out a reward for her freedom.
Karl Decker (Hearst
journalist) aided her escape.
Olivette incident,
Spanish Misrule
Valeriano Weyler’s
“Reconcentration” Policy
De Lôme Letter
Dupuy de Lôme, Spanish
Ambassador to the U.S.
Criticized President
McKinley as weak and a
bidder for the admiration
of the crowd, besides
being a would-be politician
who tries to leave a door
open behind himself while
keeping on good terms
with the jingoes of his
party.
“Remember The Maine
To Hell With Spain”
Remember the Maine
and to Hell with Spain!
The Dogs of War
• The PEOPLE were
generally jingoistic, but
labor was leery of more
immigrants
• Business was mostly antiwar. (the more a company
exported, or owned,
overseas the more
imperialistic…
• The South wanted Cuba
• McKinley was a politician
So--who
wants it?
• The Press
• Teddy
Roosevelt
• Feb. 25, 1898
TR orders
Navy to the
Philippines
Liabilities
• U.S. Army
outnumbered 28,000
to 200,000
• Spain has larger navy
Assets
• Cuba and the
Philippines were in the
grips of a revolution
against Spanish rule
that began in 1868 and
heated up in 1895.
• 1897, the premier of
Spain was
assassinated.
How did the war start?
• William McKinley
asks for permission
on April 11, 1898
to intervene in
Cuba with a clear
objective of ending
the war between
Spain and Cuban
revolutionaries.
• On April 13, 1898 two
critical movements by
Spain and the United
States occur:
A.The United States
grants President
McKinley permission to
intervene, but will not
recognize the new
Cuban government
B.Spain declares the
sovereignty of Cuba has
been threaten and sets
aside funds for war
expenses
• On April 19, 1898, the
U.S. Congress by vote
of 311 to 6 in the House
and 42 to 35 in the
Senate adopted the Joint
Resolution for war with
Spain.
– Included in the
Resolution was the
Teller Amendment,
named after Senator
Henry Moore Teller
(Colorado) which
disclaimed any
intention by the U.S. to
exercise jurisdiction or
control over Cuba
except in a pacification
role and promised to
leave the island as soon
as the war was over.
War is formally declared on April
25, 1898. The same day that Spain
gives in to ALL US demands
The
“Rough
Riders”
“That Splendid
Little War”
What are the two theaters of war?
CUBA & Puerto Rico
• TEDDY RESIGNS TO FORM Rough Riders
• July 1st1898 San Juan and Kettle Hill taken.
17,000 US “soldiers” Vs. 200,000 Spanish--but
only 2,000 show up to fight.
• July 3rd Spanish navy defeated. 500 dead
Spaniards, one dead American.
• Puerto Rico--no Resistance at all
• August 12th 1898 Spain sues for peace.
San Juan Hill????
Theodore Roosevelt
Assistant Secretary
of the Navy in the
McKinley
administration.
Imperialist and
American nationalist.
Criticized President
McKinley as having
the backbone of a
chocolate éclair!
Resigns his position to
fight in Cuba.
Meanwhile…Filipino Rebellion
• 1896-97: Filipino revolution ebbs and flows
• 1898: Spanish pressure intensified, eventually forcing
revolutionary forces to retreat to the mountains. Emilio
Aguinaldo signs a pact; effectively agreeing to end
hostilities and dissolve his revolutionary government in
exchange for amnesty and "$800,000
• April 1898, war breaks out between Spain and the
United States, but Dewey only has 12,000 marines
• May 1st Dewey’s navy attacks Manila Bay, Philippines
• May 19, 1898 Aguinaldo arrives back in the Philippines
and resumes command of his rebel forces.
What are the two theaters of war?
Dewey Captures Manila!
Philippines
• Aug. 13th 1898 The
Filipino rebels routed the
demoralized Spanish
forces in the provinces and
laid siege to Manila. From
the balcony of his house in
Cavite, Emilio Aguinaldo
proclaimed the
independence of the
Philippines on June 12,
1898.
• America said – Not so
fast…
Emilio Aguinaldo
Leader of the Filipino
Uprising.
July 4, 1946:
Philippine independence
Is He To Be a Despot?
Filipino’s Too??
What does she
represent, and is
it the same for
all groups?
Peace of Paris
1898
• US Gets:
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Guam
Puerto Rico
Cuba (temp)
US gives Spain
$20,000,000 for
Philippines within
three months after the
exchange of the ratifications
of the present treaty.
Remember
Teller???
A Case Study: The Platt Amendment
• After the war, President McKinley, in violation of
the Teller Amendment, installs a military
government in Cuba to ensure the economic
markets sought by American businesses.
• Cubans are ticked-off because the United States
did not follow up on its purpose of securing
independence for Cuba, but rather it secured its
own AMERICAN interest.
Cuban Independence?
Senator
Orville Platt
Platt Amendment (1903)
1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with
foreign powers that would endanger its independence.
2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if
necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.
3. Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for
naval and coaling station.
4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.
New Colonial Laws: 1898
1900 - Foraker Act.
Limited Independence. The new government had a governor
and an executive council appointed by the President of the United States, a
House of Representatives with 35 elected members, a judicial system with a
Supreme Court and a United States District Court, & a NON-voting House
Representative
1901-1903 
the Insular Cases.
1917 – Jones Act. Gives
Philippines territorial
status, & promises
future independence.
American Casualties
• 400 dead from bullets
• 5,000 dead from
– “embalmed” beef
– tropical diseases
– woolen uniforms
• Our ideals???? What would we do with
these islands?
The Effects of the War
• The United States was certainly conscious
of its military might and new global
strength
• The army became frightfully aware of
certain ineptitudes
– Fighting in a tropical climate – 5,000 men died
due to food poisoning, yellow fever, malaria,
and other diseases
– Jim Crow entered into the army
• Puerto Rico: 1900 limited
self-gov’t, 1917 becomes a
US Terr with citizenship
but w/out taxation.
• Philippines: Aquinaldoes
forces have been fighting
for 20 years and expect
independence….
• Philippines becomes
America’s 1st
Vietnam
America winning over
“hearts and minds”
The American Anti-Imperialist
League
Founded in 1899.
Mark Twain, Andrew
Carnegie, William
James, and William
Jennings Bryan among
the leaders.
Campaigned against the
annexation of the
Philippines and other
acts of imperialism.
Anti-Imperialist League before the war
• A very loose cooperation of
mismatched special interest groups:
– Businessmen (become imperialist afte
the war)
– Old Mugwump Republicans
– Idealists (Twain, etc)
– Racists
– DOVES: if we take this—what’s next?
William H. Taft, 1st
Gov.-General of the Philippines
Great administrator.
The Imperialist Tailor
Our “Sphere of Influence”
CHAPTER 28
The freedom fighters we liberate
from Spain, turn their guns on US
when we refuse to leave.
2nd Filipino Revolution
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1900 65,000 US troops sent in to keep order
Taft as Territorial Governor
Atrocities on both sides--Amer’s 1st Vietnam
Concentration camps reopened.
5,000 US soldiers dead
Discord and distrust split Filipino forces
1901 Aguinaldo captured & the rebellion ends
Taft’s administration reduces US hatred
July 4th, 1946 Independence granted
Before 1890s
US uses
power to
“persuade”.
In 1858 Perry
Invents
Gunboat
diplomacy to
open Japan
What About China?
• 160 million potential consumers
• warlord period
• European and Japanese colonialism
beginning
• US (John Hay) issues the Open Door
Policy
• Rejected by all sides until the Boxer
Rebellion has to be put down.
The Boxer Rebellion: 1900
The Righteous Harmonious
Fists.
“55 Days at Peking.”
•Europe and Japan want to
colonize and even conquer China
if necessary.
•The US (a late-comer to
imperialism) wants a less
obvious, less expensive
economic imperialism.
The Open Door Policy
Secretary John Hay.
Give all nations equal
access to trade in China.
Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken
over by any one foreign power.
Election of 1900
• McKinley Vs.
W. J. Bryan
• TR chosen as VP to get
him OUT of NY (also to
win NY and put a reform
spin on things.
• 4 more years of a full
dinner pail Vs. antiimperialism and the old
“Silver” issue.
• Landslide Rep victory
1901--McKinley Assassinated
• “That Damn little cowboy is the president?”
Mark Hanna
• Only 42 years old
• Advocate of “Strenuousity”
• Republican Reformer (oxymoron?)
• Speak softly and carry a big stick’
• Wait Teddy is Batman?!?
Roosevelt’s
Corollary
Domestic
&
Foreign
Policy
• US forces put down
revolts in
–Cuba
–Haiti
–Columbia (Panama)
–Nicaragua
–Dominican Republic
Roosevelt’s
Corollary
results in
What he REALLY wanted was a
canal thru the Isthmus of Panama
• Part of Columbia, offer them $10 mill, but
they demand $25 mill
• Supports a Panamanian revolution
• Pays off ($40 mill) the French consortium
that had failed 10 years earlier
• Congress recognizes Panama 3 days
BEFORE they ask for it.
• Congress gives Columbia $10 mill
Panama: The King’s Crown
1850  Clayton-Bulwer Treaty. (US/GB)
1901  Hay-Paunceforte
Treaty. (Boer War = GB says “OK”.)
Philippe Bunau-Varilla, agent for French Co.,
US/Columbia treaty ALMOST gives US a 10 Mil. $
six mile lease zone.
Columbia jacks the price and TR say’s “Damn those
Dagoes, make the dirt fly”
Bunau-Varilla starts a revolution, TR helps w/ navy,
Bunau-Varilla becomes a Panamanian gov’t official
& negotiates the…
1903  Hay-BunauVarilla Treaty. (Panama leases US a ten mile zone
for the original 10 million)
Last time US could pretend NOT to be imperialistic.
The Roosevelt Corollary to the
Monroe Doctrine: 1905
Chronic wrongdoing… may
in Latin America, as
elsewhere, ultimately
require intervention by
some civilized nation, and
in the Western
Hemisphere the adherence
of the United States to
the Monroe Doctrine may
force the United States,
however reluctantly, in
flagrant cases of such
wrongdoing or impotence,
to the exercise of an
international police power .
Panama Canal
TR in Panama
(Construction begins in
1904)
The Cares of a Growing Family
Constable of the World
Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905
Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy
The Great White Fleet: 1907
Taft’s “Dollar
Diplomacy”
Improve financial
opportunities for
American businesses.
Use private capital to
further U. S. interests
overseas.
Therefore, the U.S.
should create stability
and order abroad that
would best promote
America’s commercial
interests.
Wilson’s MORAL Diplomacy