Download The War of 1812

The American Nation
Chapter 10
The Age of Jefferson
1801–1816
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
The American Nation
Chapter 10: The Age of Jefferson 1801–1816
Section 1:
A Republican Takes Office
Section 2:
The Louisiana Purchase
Section 3:
New Threats from Overseas
Section 4:
The Road to War
Section 5:
The War of 1812
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
The Road to War
Chapter 10, Section 4
• Why did conflicts between white settlers
and Native Americans increase during the
early 1800s?
• What was the goal of Tecumseh’s Native
American confederation?
• Why did the War Hawks push for war
against Britain?
Early Conflicts Between Settlers and Native Americans
Chapter 10, Section 4
• Between 1790 and 1810, 900,000 settlers moved west of the
Appalachians. They built farms on Indian lands and hunted
animals the Indians needed for food.
• Settlers ignored treaties that the United States government had
signed with Indian nations.
• Fighting often broke out between Native Americans and settlers. In
1791 Indians drove settlers out of Ohio.
• American forces under General Anthony Wayne defeated the Miamis
and other Indian nations at Fallen Timbers, in present-day Ohio.
• In 1795, the Miamis and other Indian nations signed the Treaty of
Greenville, in which they gave up land that would later become part of
Ohio. In return, they received $20,000 and the promise of more
money if they kept the peace.
Tecumseh’s Confederation
Chapter 10, Section 4
What
Tecumseh
Believed:
• The Native Americans could keep settlers from taking more
Indian land.
• By returning to the old ways, Indians could gain the power
to resist white invaders.
What “the
Prophet” Did:
• Tecumseh’s brother, “the Prophet”, built a village for his
followers along Tippecanoe Creek in Indiana Territory.
What Tecumseh
Did:
• Worked to organize Indian nations between the Mississippi
River and the Appalachian Mountains into a confederation,
or league.
• Called for unity against the settlers.
What the United
States Did:
• Troops under Governor William Henry Harrison marched
against Prophetstown. The Prophet led a surprise attack on
Harrison’s troops. In the Battle of Tippecanoe, both sides
suffered heavy losses. Harrison’s troops defeated the
Prophet’s forces.
Why the War Hawks Pushed for War with Britain
Chapter 10, Section 4
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The British were supplying guns and ammunition to Native Americans on the
frontier. They encouraged Indians to attack settlements.
President Madison said that if either the British or French would stop seizing
American ships, the United States would stop trading the other nation. France
agreed to stop, so the United States traded with France but not with Britain.
Now they wanted their revenge against Britain!
The War Hawks were members of Congress from the South and the West
who called for war. They were stirred by nationalism, or devotion to one’s
country. They said Britain was treating the United States as if it were a British
colony.
One War Hawk, Henry Clay, hoped that in a war the United States could
conquer Canada.
Other War Hawks said that in a war with Britain, the United States could seize
Florida from Britain’s ally, Spain.
To cut off American trade with France, British warships blockaded American ports.
Finally in June 1812, Congress declared war on Britain.
Section 4 Assessment
Chapter 10, Section 4
Tecumseh and his brother, “the Prophet”, tried to organize a
confederation of Indian nations in order to
a) keep settlers from taking any more Indian land.
b) drive the British out of Ohio for good.
c) oppose Native American rivals west of the Mississippi.
d) build more settlements like Prophetstown.
One reason the United States declared war on Britain in 1812 was
that
a) Americans hoped a war would bring them more trade with Canada.
b) Spain threatened to sell Florida to Britain.
c) Britain kept trading with France.
d) Britain continued to seize American ships.
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Section 4 Assessment
Chapter 10, Section 4
Tecumseh and his brother, “the Prophet”, tried to organize a confederation of
Indian nations in order to
a) keep settlers from taking any more Indian land.
b) drive the British out of Ohio for good.
c) oppose Native American rivals west of the Mississippi.
d) build more settlements like Prophetstown.
One reason the United States declared war on Britain in 1812 was that
a) Americans hoped a war would bring them more trade with Canada.
b) Spain threatened to sell Florida to Britain.
c) Britain kept trading with France.
d) Britain continued to seize American ships.
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Conflicts Between Settlers and Native Americans
Chapter 10, Section 4
Using the map on page 317 of your textbook,
complete the following on your map handout:
1. Using different colors, shade the land lost by Native
Americans during each of these three periods of time:
a. before 1750
b. between 1750 and 1784
c. between 1784 and 1810
2. Create a key in the blank box.
3. Locate and label the Mississippi River, the Ohio
River, and the Red River.
4. Locate and label on your map where these Native
American peoples lived:
a. Shawnee
d. Miami
g. Chickasaw
b. Seminole
e. Iroquois
h. Natchez
c. Mohegan
f. Cherokee
i. Creek
The War of 1812
Chapter 10, Section 5
• How was the United States unprepared early
in the war?
• What successes did Americans have in the
West?
• How did the final battles of the war progress?
• Why did New Englanders protest against the
war?
The United States Was Not Prepared for War
Chapter 10, Section 5
• When Thomas Jefferson took office as the third
President, he reduced the size of the army and navy.
• In 1812, the British had a huge fleet of warships.
Unfortunately, because of President Jefferson’s
actions, the United States Navy had only 16 warships.
• The United States Army was small and ill equipped.
Many officers knew little about warfare.
• The government relied on volunteers, who were poorly
trained and had little experience in battle. Many of
them deserted.
The War of 1812 in the West
Chapter 10, Section 5
The Invasion of
Canada
General William Hull led American troops into Canada.
The Canadians made it look like their forces were large
and included experienced British troops. The Americans
retreated.
Battle of Lake
Erie
Captain Oliver Hazard Perry designed and built his own
ships. Perry’s fleet met a British fleet on Lake Erie. The
Americans won the battle.
Battle of the
Thames
General William Henry Harrison’s troops pursued a
British force and their ally Tecumseh toward Canada.
The Americans won a victory at the Battle of the Thames.
Tecumseh died in the battle.
Battle of
Horseshoe
Bend
Andrew Jackson and American troops defeated the
Creeks. The Americans won the battle.
The Final Battles of the War of 1812
Chapter 10, Section 5
Bladensburg,
Maryland
British troops marching toward Washington, D.C., met American troops
about 30 miles from Washington. The British scattered the Americans.
Washington, D.C.
The British set fire to the White House, then set off for Baltimore.
(First Lady Dolley Madison saved the portrait of George Washington
and the Declaration of Independence from the fire!!)
Baltimore,
Maryland
Battle of
New Orleans
January 8, 1815
• The British bombarded the harbor but were unable to take Fort
McHenry. They withdrew.
• Francis Scott Key wrote “The Star-Spangled Banner” about
this battle.
• The British attacked the city.
• Andrew Jackson led a strong force of frontiersmen and
Choctaw Indians. Citizens of New Orleans, including African
Americans, joined his forces.
• It was the bloodiest battle of the War of 1812. More than
2,000 British soldiers died; only 7 Americans died.
• Overnight, Andrew Jackson became a national hero.
The Final Battles of the War of 1812
Chapter 10, Section 5
New Englanders Protest the War
Chapter 10, Section 5
•
The British blockades hurt New England states’ sea trade.
•
New Englanders feared that the United States might win land in Florida and
Canada, which would become new states. That would make the South and
the West more influential than New England.
•
Delegates from New England states met at the Hartford Convention, in
Hartford, Connecticut. They threatened to leave the Union if the war
continued.
•
While the Hartford Convention was still meeting, news of a peace treaty
arrived.
•
The Treaty of Ghent ended the War of 1812. It was named after the city in
Belgium where it was signed, on December 24, 1814. In the treaty, Britain
and the United States agreed to go back to the way things were before
the war.
INTERESTING FACT
Chapter 10, Section 5
• In the early 1800s, news took 2 weeks to
cross the Atlantic Ocean. Because of
this, the Battle of New Orleans actually
took place two weeks after the war
ended!!
Section 5 Assessment
Chapter 10, Section 5
When the British reached Washington, D.C. in 1814, they
a) met in person with James Madison.
b) set fire to the White House and other buildings.
c) skirmished with American troops and then retreated.
d) found documents that helped them win the war.
The treaty that ended the War of 1812:
a) gave Britain use of the Port of New Orleans.
b) said Britain had to stop forcing American sailors into service.
c) returned conditions between Britain and the United States to the way they
had been before the war.
d) made Britain recognize American neutrality.
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Section 5 Assessment
Chapter 10, Section 5
When the British reached Washington, D.C. in 1814, they
a) met in person with James Madison.
b) set fire to the White House and other buildings.
c) skirmished with American troops and then retreated.
d) found documents that helped them win the war.
The treaty that ended the War of 1812
a) gave Britain use of the Port of New Orleans.
b) said Britain had to stop forcing American sailors into service.
c) returned conditions between Britain and the United States to the way
they had been before the war.
d) made Britain recognize American neutrality.
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