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•US unprepared for
war.
•Failed invasion into
Canada.
•Blockade hurt US
economy…
The Battle of Thames River,
Oct. 5, 1813
• US military victory led by General William H. Harrison
– Tecumseh was killed during this battle
Naval Battles
• The Battle of Lake Erie was probably the most
important naval battle of the war
– After defeating the British, Captain Oliver Hazard
Perry declared, “We have met the enemy and they
are ours”
• Thomas Macdonough defeated a British fleet on
Lake Champlain which resulted in a British
retreat
• US Naval tradition develops during the War of
1812
Washington, D.C. burned by
British, 25th of August 1814
Dolly Madison escaped
from White House and
took many pieces of
art, furniture from the
White House before the
British destroyed it.
highlights
U.S. Flag which flew
over Fort McHenry to
inspire Francis Scott
Key to write the Star
Spangled Banner.
September 13th, 1814
Battle of Fort McHenry,
1814
Oh Say Can You See
By the Dawn’s Early Light…
-- Francis Scott Key
•10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi
River and were threatening the Louisiana Purchase.
•4,500 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were
defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of
Ghent was negotiated to end the war.
•Considered greatest
U.S. victory to that
time
•Defeated British’s
best without help
from any country
•Countries gained
respect for the U.S.
after this battle.
•Kept Louisiana
Purchase under the
control of the U.S.
The Treaty of Ghent
• War of 1812 is considered a
“stalemate”…Dec. 1814
• Peace commissioners in Ghent
devised the following terms of
peace
– A halt to the fighting
– The return of all conquered
territory to the prewar borders
– Recognition of the prewar
boundary between Canada and
the United States
• Treaty was ratified by the Senate
Radical NE Federalists met to discuss their grievances
& find solutions to their problems:
•U.S. Govt. fighting an unnecessary war against the wrong
enemy
•Sought financial assistance from Washington since their trade
was at a standstill because British had placed a blockade
around the Atlantic coastline of US
•New Englanders continued to trade with the British during the
war
•Talked of secession or a separate peace proposal with England
Resolutions adopted by the convention resemble
a modern day political platform:
•Constitutional amendments lessening the powers of
Congress
•restoring Federalist influence by a minority veto
•2/3’s vote before an embargo, new western states could
be admitted and war could be declared.
•Abolish 3/5 clause, limit presidents to one term,
prohibit the election of two successive presidents from
the same state
The War’s Legacy
• U.S. gained the respect of other nations
• U.S. came to accept Canada as a neighbor and a
part of the British Empire
• The Federalist party came to an end as a national
force
• Talk of nullification and secession in New England
set a precedent that would later be used by the
South
• Gained our neutrality and became isolated from
Europe
The War’s Legacy
• Native Americans in the West were forced to
surrender large areas of land and move west.
• More U.S. factories were built
• War heroes such as Andrew Jackson and William
Henry Harrison would eventually become
Presidents.
• Growth of American nationalism
• Enter a time period in our history called the “Era of
Good Feelings”
The War of 1812 won new respect for
America among many British. Michael Scott,
a young lieutenant in the British navy wrote,
“I don’t like Americans; I never did, and never
shall like them…..I have no wish to eat with
them, drink with them, deal with, or consort
with them in any way; but let me tell the whole
truth, nor fight with them, were it not for the
laurels to be acquired, by overcoming an
enemy so brave, determined and alert, and in
every way so worthy on one’s steel, as they have
always proved.
1. Served two terms: 1817 to 1825
 Called the Era of Good Feelings
“National
oneness” =
Nationalism
2. Unite the nation---1816---”promote nationalism”
 American System --- link the country together
 Expansion of US
 Rush/Bagot Treaty
 Adams/Onis Treaty or Florida Purchase Treaty
3. Self Defense Doctrine: Monroe Doctrine, 1823
4. Sectional differences
 Missouri Compromise---1821
UP CLOSE AND PERSONAL
President James Monroe
•Born in Virginia in 1758,
•Attended the College of William
and Mary,
•Fought with Continental Army
•Practiced law in Virginia.
•Elected United States Senator
•Helped negotiate the Louisiana
Purchase.
•Elected President in 1816 and
served from 1817 to 1825.
•Era of Good Feelings
Henry Clay’s
American System
Congress’s attempt to unite the US
•National transportation system of
roads, canals, steamships and rivers.
•1800 to 1850 roads, canals and rivers
first forms of transportation--Provide economic growth
•Americans buying American goods
•American self-sufficiency.
Protective Tariff to promote infant industry
•Tariff of 1816
2nd BUS to promote a stronger economy
•Rechartered in 1816
Spirit of Nationalism in US
patriotism or national oneness
Country is united, confident, and growing
1791-1819, 9 states joined the original 13.
One political party---Republican party
Respect from Europe
Monroe first president to visit all states.
Boston newspaper declared an “Era of Good
Feelings” had began.
But, time period was not free of problems.
• Cultural Nationalism
– Patriotic themes infused every aspect of American
society from books and paintings of Revolutionary
heroes to Noah Webster’s blue-backed speller that
promoted patriotism
• Economic Nationalism
– Running parallel with cultural nationalism was a
political movement to support the growth of the
nation’s economy--------AMERICAN SYSTEM
• Political Nationalism
– Movement to bring about the support for national
government is over the states. Supreme court
decisions support the concept of national government
over the states.
• National Transportation system
– Cumberland Road and Erie Canal first internal
improvements to unite the US
– the first steamboat on western waters was in
1811.
– 1800 to 1850 roads, canals and rivers first
forms of transportation
– 1850 to 1860 the railroad is added
• The Land Act of 1820
– gave the West its wish by authorizing a buyer
to purchase 80 acres of land at a minimum of
$1.25 an acre in cash;
– the West demanded transportation.
The Land Act of 1820 gave the West its wish by authorizing
a buyer to purchase 80 acres of land at a minimum of $1.25
an acre in cash; the West demanded transportation
The Panic of 1819
• Largely the fault of the Second Bank of the
United States’ tightening of credit in an
effort to control inflation
– Many state banks closed
– The value of money fell
– There were large increases in unemployment,
bankruptcies, and imprisonment for debt
• Depression was most severe in the West
• The economic crisis changed many
Western voters’ political outlook
•Help unite the
country as well
as improve the
economy and
the infant
industry….
•Because of the
British
blockade
during the War
of 1812, it was
essential for
internal
transportation
improvements.
• Population shift from the east to the West
• Acquisition of Native Americans’ lands
• Land easy to obtain
• Economic pressures
• Improved transportation
• Immigration
New Questions and Issues
• Greatest importance to western states
were:
– “Cheap money” (easy credit) from state banks
rather than from the Bank of the United States
– Land made available at low prices by the
government
– Improved transportation
• Westerners could not agree whether to
permit slavery or exclude it
• Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817-18)
–Treaty with Great Britain
• Shared Oregon Territory for 10 years
• the setting of the northern limits of the
Louisiana Territory at the 49th parallel
–US agreed to cede land above 49th parallel
–GB agreed to cede land below 49th parallel
49th Parallel
Rush-Bagot Treaty of
1818 with Great Britain
Agreed to joint
occupation
• Florida Becomes Part of US
– After War of 1812, Spain had
difficulty governing Florida
– Seminole Indians, runaway slaves,
and white outlaws conducted raids
into U.S. territory and retreated to
safety across the Florida border
•President Monroe commissioned General Andrew
Jackson to stop the raiders
–Jackson led a force into Florida, destroyed Seminole
villages, and hanged 2 Seminole chiefs
–Jackson captured Pensacola and drove out the Spanish
governor
• Adams-Onis Treaty (1818)
–Spain turned over
• western Florida along with all to the east
• Claims in the Oregon Territory to the U.S.
–US agreed
• to pay $5 million to Spain
• to give up any territorial claims to Texas
49th Parallel
Rush-Bagot Treaty of
1818 with Great Britain
Adams-Onis Treaty of
1819 with Spain
Texas
Map expansion
U.S. was becoming divided into 3 separate sections with
each trying to promote their self-interest.
NORTHEAST
SOUTH
•Cotton-growing
•Business and
John C. Calhoun
Manufacturing
Daniel Webster
_______________
_______________
•Opposed tariffs
•Wanted Tariffs
Role of
and government
Government •Backed internal
spending on
improvements
American System
End to cheap public
•Increasingly
land
supportive of
states’ rights
•Increasingly
nationalistic
•Pro-slavery and
•Against Slavery and opposed any steps
of the U.S. Govt. to
believed the U.S.
Govt. must abolish it. try and abolish it.
Economy
Leader
____________
WEST
•Frontier agriculture
Henry Clay
______________
•Supported internal
improvements and
American System.
•Wanted cheap land
•Loyal to the U.S.
Govt.
•Against slavery but
some supported
letting the people
decide the slavery
issue
NORTHEAST
•Business and
Economy Manufacturing
Leader
Daniel Webster
____________
__________
•Wanted Tariffs
Role of
•Backed
internal
Government improvements
•Wanted end to
cheap public
land
•Increasingly
nationalistic
•Against Slavery
and believed the
U.S. Govt. must
abolish it.
SOUTH
•Cotton growing
Economy
•John C.
Leader
Calhoun
__________ _____________
•Opposed tariffs
Role of
and government
spending on
Government
American
System
•Increasingly
supportive of
states’ rights
•Pro-slavery and
opposed any
steps of the U.S.
Govt. to try and
abolish it.
WEST
•Frontier
Economy
agriculture
Leader
•Henry Clay
__________ _____________
•Supported
internal
Role of
Government improvements
•Wanted cheap
land
•Loyal to the
U.S. Govt.
•Against
slavery but
some supported
letting the
people decide
the slavery
issue
In 1819, Missouri, first part of the
Louisiana Purchase to apply for
statehood
– Threatened balance of power in Congress
• 11 free states
• 11 slave states
– The Tallmadge amendment
• prohibited the further introduction of slaves into
Missouri
• All slaves born in Missouri after the territory became
a state would be freed at the age of 25.
• Passed by the House, not in the Senate.
• The North controlled the House, and the South had
enough power to block it in the Senate.
After months of heated
debate in Congress,
Henry Clay won majority
support for 3 bills that
represented a
compromise
– Missouri was to be admitted as a
slaveholding state
– Maine was to be admitted as a free state
– In the rest of the Louisiana Territory north
of latitude 3630', slavery was prohibited
•In 1819, Missouri became the first part of the Louisiana
Purchase to apply for statehood
–Threatened the balance of power in Congress
•11 free states
•11 slave states
•After months of heated debate in Congress, Henry Clay
won majority support for 3 bills that represented a
compromise
–Missouri was to be admitted as a slaveholding state
–Maine was to be admitted as a free state
–In the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude
3630', slavery was prohibited
• Born in Virginia, 1755
• Served as an officer with General
Washington during the Revolution
• Attended College of William and
Mary and became a practicing
attorney.
• 2nd cousin of Thomas Jefferson.
• Marshall became a committed Federalist where his
court decisions would reflect the need for a strong
national government over the states.
• Dominated court for 34 years, long after Federalist
party died out.
Evolves As A Federalist
1. US troops suffer at Valley
Forge
• Need a strong govt. to tax
which AOC could not
2. Merchants refused to pay
debts to British
• Need strong to govt. to
demand obedience AOC
could not
3. Shay’s Rebellion “mobocracy”
•Need a strong govt. to maintain order AOC could not
Marshall Evolves As A Federalist
4. French Revolution
•
Importance of US Govt to maintain order
5. Controversial: Neutrality/Whiskey Rebellion
•
Individuals should respect the office of the presidency
even if one disagrees with decisions
6. XYZ Affair
•
US Govt needed to be powerful enough to command
respect from other nations.
7. Kentucky/Virginia Resolutions
• States not the final authority over law but SC
8. Appointed as Chief Justice
•
Increase powers of SC and national govt.
9. Republicans took control of US Congress.
•
As chief justice, implements Federalist principles.
JUDICIAL AUTHORITY
Supreme Court has the power to declare a law
unconstitutional with the principle of judicial
review.
NATIONALISM
The National Government is over the states.
PROPERTY RIGHTS
Private property is sacred and contracts
legal.
• Marbury vs. Madison, 1803
– Case: William Marbury, a Federalist and a
“midnight appointment” of President Adams, did
not receive his commission from Sec. of State,
James Madison. Marbury asked the SC to issue
a “writ of mandamus” forcing Madison to deliver
his commission.
– Decision/Reason: Marshall dismissed suit, but
in doing so struck down part of Judiciary Act of
1789 because SC had no authority to give
Marbury his commission.
– Significance: Established precedent of “judicial
review” and the Supreme Court, not states had
power to declare laws of Congress
unconstitutional.
•Prior to this case, the Supreme Court had been the
weakest of the three branches of government.
•Earlier, the belief was the states could nullify a law
•1803, the Supreme Court established its role as the
final arbitrator (authority) of the meaning of the
Constitution and its position of equality.
•By setting a precedent for judicial review or the
Supreme Court can declare a law unconstitutional not
the states or Congress.
•It also “sent the message” that the National
Government is the last authority thus reinforcing
Marshall’s belief in a strong central government over the
states.
• Fletcher v. Peck (1810)
– Case: involved Georgia legislature, bribed,
granted 35 million acres in the Yazoo River,
Mississippi to private speculators. Next legislature
cancelled transaction. Appealed to the Supreme
Court.
– Decision/Reason: SC concluded a state could
not pass legislation invalidating a contract thus
protecting property rights against popular
pressures. State law cannot impair contracts
violates Constitution
– Significance: Overturned a state decision
because the legislative grant was a contract and
national govt. is over the states.
• Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 1819
– Case: Involved a law of NH that changed
Dartmouth College from a privately chartered
college into a public institution
– Decision/Reason: SC struck down the state law
as unconstitutional, arguing that a contract for a
private corporation could not be altered by the
state. Upheld the sanctity of contracts and private
property.
– Significance: Decision was important in assuring
economic development and encouraging
investment in corporations. In addition, it set a
precedent for the Supreme Court’s overturning
acts of state legislatures and state courts.
• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
– Case: The state of MD tried to collect a tax from
the Second Bank of the United States
– Decision/Reason: Using a loose interpretation of
the Constitution, Marshall ruled that the federal
government had the implied power to create the
bank (which was in question)
– Significance: A state could not tax a federal
institution because “the power to tax is the power
to destroy” and that federal laws are supreme
over state laws
• Cohens v. Virginia (1821)
– Case: In VA, the Cohens were convicted of
selling Washington, D.C. lottery tickets authorized
by Congress
– Decision/Reason: Marshall and the Court upheld
the conviction. Case established the principle that
the SC could review a state court’s decision
involving any of the powers of the federal
government
– Significance: Solidified the belief that the
Supreme Court has the last and final say in law.
• Gibbons v. Ogden (1821)
– Case: NY state granted a monopoly to a
steamboat company that conflicted with a charter
authorized by Congress
– Decision/Reason: Marshall ruled NY monopoly
was unconstitutional, establishing the federal
govt’s broad control of interstate commerce.
Congress regulates commerce.
– Significance: The decision secures the concept
of a common market and prevents states from
impeding (disrupting) commerce.
Shaping the Government
• Martin v. Hunter’s Lease (1816)
– The Supreme Court established the
principle that it had jurisdiction over
state courts in cases involving
constitutional rights
JUDICIAL AUTHORITY
Marbury vs. Madison
NATIONALISM
McCulloch vs. Maryland
Gibbons vs. Ogden
Cohens vs. Virginia
PROPERTY RIGHTS
Dartmouth College vs. Woodward
Fletcher vs. Peck
monroe doctrine
•In foreign affairs Monroe
proclaimed the fundamental
policy that bears his name,
Monroe Doctrine.
•Monroe was responding to the
threat that Europe might try to
aid Spain in winning back her
former Latin American
colonies.
•Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams
wanted to protect new “republics” in the Western
Hemisphere.
•Great Britain, with its powerful navy, also opposed reconquest of Latin America and suggested that the United
States join in proclaiming "hands off."
monroe doctrine
•Adams advised, "It would be
more candid ... to avow our
principles explicitly to Russia
and France, than to come in
as a cock-boat in the wake of
the British man-of-war."
•Monroe accepted Adams's
advice.
•Not only must Latin America be left alone, he warned, but
also Russia must not encroach southward on the Pacific
coast. ". . . the American continents,"
•He stated, "by the free and independent condition which
they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be
considered as subjects for future colonization by any
European Power."
Western
Hemisphere or
the Americas.
•New Latin
American
countries were
formed from
successful
revolutions.
•US protector of
new democracies
in the Western
Hemisphere
• Referred to as America’s Self
Defense Doctrine.
• It is a continuation of President
Washington’s neutrality and
isolationist policies.
• Past problems with Europe led
the US to declare the Americas
off-limits to Europe
US recognized
existing
European
Colonies
US will stay out
of European
affairs
Monroe
Doctrine
US protector of new
democracies in the
Western Hemisphere
No European
Colonization in the
Americas