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Chapter 18 What was the Cold War? State of hostility between the US and Soviets without a direct war between them. • From 1945 – until breakup of Soviet Union in 1991 United States Soviet Union Capitalism – private Communism state – citizens controlled most economic activity Voters elected president & congress from competing parties controlled all property and economic activity Communist party established a totalitarian govt. with no opposing parties Soviets request for $20 billion for reparations was denied United Nations is formed 1945 50 nations met in San Francisco to establish peacekeeping body Intended to promote peace The two “superpowers” used the UN to spread their influence over others President Truman Becomes President two weeks before UN meeting Many Americans doubted his ability to serve as president Potsdam Conference Final Wartime conference The Big Three – United States, Great Britain, & Soviet Union Same as Yalta, Truman replaced FDR, Attlee replaced Churchill, Stalin remained. Stalin's broken promise... Stalin would not allow free elections in Eastern Europe Different political and economic systems Soviet had been an ally of Germany Stalin resented Allies delay in attacking Germans in Europe Atomic bomb secret Stalin REFUSED to allow free elections At Potsdam, Truman objected Stalin’s request for reparations United States – Economic Goals Soviets – Protection Goals New World Order Eastern Europe countries Democratic Governments Self-determination Rebuild Europe Access to raw materials & new markets Thriving economically Free/New Markets Productive Germany Avoid totalitarianism Reunify Germany to serve as protective buffer – satellite nations Spread communism & workers unite against wealthy business owners Rebuild its ravaged economy, using East European raw materials Keep Germany divided & weak Satellite nations Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Hungary Romania Poland Establish Soviet domination Albania – Communist leaders Bulgaria – Communist leaders Czechoslovakia – free elections, but Communists take over Hungary – Communists lose election, take out competition Romania – Communist Prime Minister forced on King East Germany – Brutal totalitarian government Yugoslavia – Dictator keeps Soviets out George F. Kennan – American diplomat in Moscow proposed policy of containment Meant to prevent extension of communist rule to other countries – contain it Truman's goal: Stop the spread of Soviet influence Winston Churchill Fulton, Missouri – 1946 Makes clear statement describing the situation in Europe “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent” - Churchill March 12, 1947 US tried to contain Soviet influence in Greece & Turkey Truman requested economic & military aid for Greece & Turkey Asked congress for $400 million for both countries Successful effort – congress agrees Becomes US policy “It must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.” June 5, 1947 – US Secretary of State George Marshall Proposed the US provide aid to all European nations needing it Designed to fight hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos Nearly $13 Billion sent within 4 years, helping 16 countries Stalin would not accept aid Marshall Plan Credited with rebuilding Europe Eliminated conditions that might’ve been helpful to spread of communism Communist party loses appeal Council for Mutual Economic Assistance Soviet response to Marshall Plan Established in 1949 Britain, France, & US decided to combine their 3 zones into one nation – West Germany Soviets are upset about combining into 1 nation Stalin takes this opportunity to take all of Berlin Soviets block all roads & trains into Berlin – want to take over West Berlin No supplies, food, medicine This was an attempt to break the blockage by American and British officials From June 18, 1948 to May 1949, US and British planes airlift 2.3 million tons of supplies to residents of West Berlin Planes were landing every few minutes After 327 days, and 277,000 flights, the Soviet Union lifts the blockade 1st Peacetime Alliance US had ever joined – April 4, 1949 12 members of NATO formed a defensive military alliance pledged military support to one another in case any member was attacked 12 members of NATO United States Belgium Britain Canada Denmark France Iceland Italy Luxemburg Netherlands Norway Portugal Communists struggle for 20 years against nationalists government of Chiang Kai-shek US supported Chiang sending $3 billion in aid Impressed by his resistance to Japanese Chiang Kai-shek Government inefficient Corrupt Exploited farmers – shot civilians for protesting Communist leader Mao Zedong Gained strength throughout country Strong leadership Worked to win peasant support Encouraged peasants to learn to read Helped improve food production More recruits flocked to the Communists’ Red Army 1945, most of North China under Communist control Nationalists & Communists during WWII, but go back to Civil War when it ends May 1949, Chiang & govt. flee to Taiwan Mao established the People’s Republic of China Americans stunned another country had become Communist “Containment” failed Truman administration attacked for supplying only limited aid to Chiang State department responds that China takeover was result of internal forces Chiang’s inability to retain support of people June 25th, 1950 N. Korean communist troops cross the 38th parallel. 38° North latitude Surprise attack on S. Korea South Korea calls upon United Nations June 27th Truman ordered troops to support S. Koreans General Douglas MacArthur commanded the troops from total of 16 nations, totaling over 1 million troops When troops reach Yalu River, “victory & reunification” in sight Chinese get involved Send over 300,000 Chinese troops to help N. Korea & push UN troops backs to 38th parallel Neither side made advances Armistice brings war to end by 1953 End up in the same place as started MacArthur wants war with China Calls for use of nuclear weapons Truman rejects the request MacArthur keeps insisting on war… MacArthur goes over presidents head… Spoke to newspapers, magazines, etc Felt his views were correct about war Warned he had no authority to make decisions Continued to criticize the president President Truman Refuses to stand for this kind of behavior Couldn’t tolerate a commander sabotaging his policy April 11, 1951 – fired MacArthur Parade in NYC “Old soldiers never die, they just fade away” July 1953, both sides of Korea signed an armistice ending war 54,000 American soldiers died $67 billion spent Caused rejection of Democratic Party in 1952 election Eisenhower Elected Increased fear of communism “Forgotten War” – right in between WWII & Vietnam Anti-communist republicans accuse Truman of being “soft of communism” Truman, 1947 issued executive order for Federal Employee Loyalty Program Loyalty Review Board 3.2 million employees investigated Dismissed 212 as risks 2,900 resigned – felt it violated their constitutional rights Not allowed to see evidence against them HUAC – House Un- American Activities Committee Investigated communist influence in movie industry Sneaking propaganda into films 43 witnesses subpoenaed Hollywood Ten 10 “unfriendly” witnesses Refused to testify Unconstitutional Refused to answer questions Sent to prison Blacklist created in response to hearings List of people who were condemned for having a Communist background Approx. 500 actors, writers, producers, and directors Careers ruined Alger Hiss Found guilty of spying for the Soviets Denied accusations Prosecuted by Richard Nixon Rosenbergs Ethel & Julius Rosenberg Activists in American Communist Party Plead the 5th when asked if they were Communists Found guilty of espionage Sentenced to death Senator Joseph McCarthy – most famous anti Communists activist Continually made unsupported accusations on suspected Communists These attacks became known as McCarthyism Refers to unfair accusation of disloyalty, without the evidence “Witch Hunt” Claimed to have “list” of names of Communists Never actually gave names… Made accusations against US Army Senate condemns him “tended to bring Senate into dishonor & disrepute” Today – when people make unsupported accusations, it’s called “McCarthyism” Nuclear arms race began during Truman’s presidency Soviet Union exploded first atomic bomb in 1949 Decision to develop an even more horrifying weapon H-bomb: hydrogen bomb, 1 million tons of TNT The US entered into deadly race with Soviet Union to see which country would be first to produce an H-bomb November 1952 – US exploded the first H- bomb August 1953 – Soviets exploded their own weapon Dwight D Eisenhower becomes president Brinkmanship – proposal that US could prevent the spread of communism, go to the edge of war if necessary CIA – Central Intelligence Agency Used spies to gather information abroad, carried out secret operations to weaken governments unfriendly to US Took action in Iran 1951 & Guatemala 1954 Soviet grew fearful when West Germany joined NATO Soviet formed its own military alliance in response to NATO 7 Eastern European countries East Germany Poland Czechoslovakia Hungary Romania Bulgaria Albania Soviet Union Soviet Union was becoming prestigious in the middle east President Eisenhower issued warning that the United States would defend the Middle East against an attack by any Communist country Hungary was dominated by Soviet Union since end of WWII Hungarian people revolt and call for a democratic government Imre Nagy, Hungarian Prime Minister Promised free elections Denounced Warsaw Pact Demanded Soviets leave Hungary Soviets response… send troops killing 30,000 Hungarians Overthrow Nagy government and replace with Soviet leaders United States did nothing to help Hungary break free Became Soviet Unions leader a few years after Stalin’s death Believed Communism would take over the world Thought it could be done peacefully October 4, 1957, Soviets launched Sputnik Worlds first artificial satellite Traveled around Earth at 18,000 mph, circling globe every 96 minutes Americans shocked Respond with creating National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Space Race in full gear CIA began making secret high-altitude flights over Soviet territory Planes used for these missions was the U-2 May 1, 1960, a U-2 spy plane is shot down on a mission over Soviet Union Pilot Francis Gary Powers was captured and sentenced to prison Eisenhower denied it was a spy plane Later admitted This opened new tensions Soviets pull out of Paris Sumit
