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Chapter B2
Invertebrates
Table of Contents
Section 1 Simple Invertebrates
Section 2 Mollusks and Annelid Worms
Section 3 Arthropods
Section 4 Echinoderms
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Chapter B2
Section 1 Simple Invertebrates
Bellringer
Record your answers to the following questions in
your science journal:
• What is an invertebrate?
• What is your favorite invertebrate?
• What special features help your favorite invertebrate
survive?
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Chapter B2
Section 1 Simple Invertebrates
Objectives
• Describe the body plans, nervous systems, and
guts of invertebrates.
• Explain how sponges get food.
• Describe three cnidarian characteristics.
• Describe the three kinds of flatworms.
• Describe the body of a roundworm.
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Chapter B2
Section 1 Simple Invertebrates
Invertebrate Characteristics
• An Invertebrate is an animal that does not have a
backbone.
• About 96% of all animal species are invertebrates
• Invertebrates have three basic body plans, or types of
symmetry: bilateral, radial, or asymmetrical.
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Chapter B2
Section 1 Simple Invertebrates
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Chapter B2
Section 1 Simple Invertebrates
Invertebrate Characteristics, continued
• Nerves All animals except sponges have nerves.
• Nerves allow animals to sense their environment
and control their actions.
• Some invertebrates have ganglia. A ganglion is a
concentrated mass of nerve cells.
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Chapter B2
Section 1 Simple Invertebrates
Invertebrate Characteristics, continued
• Guts Almost all animals digest food in a gut. A gut is
a pouch lined with cells that release chemicals that
break down food into small particles.
• Complex organisms have a coelom. A coelom is a
body cavity that surrounds the gut.
• Other organs can also be found in the coelom, but
they are separated from the gut.
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Chapter B2
Section 1 Simple Invertebrates
Sponges
• Sponges are the simplest invertebrates. They are
asymmetrical and have no tissues, gut, or nerves.
• How Do Sponges Eat? A sponge sweeps water
into its body through its pores. Pores are the holes on
the outside of the sponge’s body.
• Collar cells filter and digest food from the water that
enters the body.
• Water leaves through the hole at the top called the
osculum.
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Chapter B2
Section 1 Simple Invertebrates
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Chapter B2
Section 1 Simple Invertebrates
Sponges, continued
• Body Part Abilities Sponges have some unique
abilities.
• If you forced a sponge’s body through a strainer, the
separated cells could come back together and reform
the same sponge.
• If a part of a sponge is broken off, the missing part
can regenerate, or grow back.
• Sponges are the only animals that can use
regeneration as a form of reproduction.
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Chapter B2
Section 1 Simple Invertebrates
Sponges, continued
• Kinds of Sponges All sponges live in water, and
most live in the ocean. Sponges come in many
different shapes and sizes.
• Most sponges have a skeleton made of hard fibers
called spicules. Some spicules are straight, some are
curved, and others have complex star shapes.
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Chapter B2
Section 1 Simple Invertebrates
Cnidarians
• Cnidarians are more complex than sponges.
Cnidarians have complex tissues, a gut, and a
simple nerve network.
• Two Body Forms A cnidarian body can either be in
medusa form or polyp form. Medusas swim through
the water. Polyps usually attach to a surface.
• Both the medusa and the polyp forms have radial
symmetry.
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Chapter B2
Section 1 Simple Invertebrates
Body Form of Cnidarians
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Chapter B2
Section 1 Simple Invertebrates
Cnidarians
• Stinging Cells All cnidarians have tentacles
covered with stinging cells. Cnidarians use their
stinging cells to protect themselves and to catch
food.
• Kinds of Cnidarians There are three major
classes of cnidarians: hydrozoans, jellyfish, sea
anemones and some corals.
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Chapter B2
Section 1 Simple Invertebrates
Flatworms
• Flat worms have bilateral symmetry, a clearly defined
head and two large eyespots.
• The eyespots cannot focus, but the flatworm can use
them to sense the direction that light is coming from.
•Some flatworms also have sensory lobes that are used
for detecting food.
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Chapter B2
Section 1 Simple Invertebrates
Flatworms, continued
• Planarians Planarians live in freshwater lakes and
streams or on land in damp places. Most planarians are
predators.
• Flukes Flukes are parasites. A parasite is an
organism that invades and feeds on the body of
another living organism that is called a host.
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Chapter B2
Section 1 Simple Invertebrates
Flatworms, continued
•Tapeworms Tapeworms are similar to flukes. Like
flukes, they have a small head with no eyespots or
sensory lobes.
• Tapeworms do not need a gut because they attach
directly to the host’s intestines and absorb nutrients.
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Chapter B2
Section 1 Simple Invertebrates
Roundworms
• Roundworms have bodies that are long, slim, and
round, like spaghetti. Like other worms, they have
bilateral symmetry.
• Roundworms have a simple nervous system. A ring of
ganglia forms a simple brain. Parallel nerve cords
connect the two ends of their body.
• Some round worms eat dead tissue. Many
roundworms are parasites.
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Chapter B2
Section 2 Mollusks and Annelid Worms
Bellringer
Unscramble the following words and write a
sentence that uses all of the words.
• gluss
• isalns
• sdusqi
• klomssul
Write your sentence in your science journal.
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Chapter B2
Section 2 Mollusks and Annelid Worms
Objectives
• Explain how mollusks eat, control body functions, and
circulate blood.
• Describe the four body parts that most mollusks have
in common.
• Describe the three kinds of annelid worms.
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Chapter B2
Section 2 Mollusks and Annelid Worms
Mollusks
• Snails, slugs, clams oysters, squids, and octopuses
are all mollusks.
• Most mollusks fit into three classes:
• The gastropods include slugs and snails.
• The bivalves include clams and other shellfish
with two shells.
• The cephalopods include squids and octopuses.
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Chapter B2
Section 2 Mollusks and Annelid Worms
Mollusks, continued
• Each kind of mollusk has its own way of eating.
• Slugs and snails eat with a toungelike organ
covered in teeth called a radula.
• Clams and oysters attach to one place and use
gills to filter tiny plants, bacteria, and other
particles from the water.
• Squids and octopuses grab food with tentacles
and place it in their powerful jaws.
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Chapter B2
Section 2 Mollusks and Annelid Worms
Mollusks, continued
• Ganglia and Brains All mollusks have complex
ganglia. They have ganglia to control breathing,
movement, and digestion.
• Cephalopods, such as octopuses, have large brains
that connect all of their ganglia. Cephalopods are
thought to be the smartest invertebrates.
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Chapter B2
Section 2 Mollusks and Annelid Worms
Mollusks, continued
• Pumping Blood Most mollusks have an open
circulatory system. In an open circulatory system, a
simple heart pumps blood through blood vessels that
empty into sinuses, or spaces in the animal’s body.
• Squids and octopuses have a closed circulatory
system. In a closed circulatory system, a heart
pumps blood through a network of blood vessels that
form a closed loop.
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Chapter B2
Section 2 Mollusks and Annelid Worms
Mollusks, continued
• Mollusk Bodies A snail, a clam, and a squid look
quite different from one another, yet they share similar
structures.
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Chapter B2
Section 2 Mollusks and Annelid Worms
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Chapter B2
Section 2 Mollusks and Annelid Worms
Annelid Worms
• Annelid worms are often called segmented worms
because their bodies have segments. A segment is
an identical, or almost identical, repeating body part.
• Annelid worms have bilateral symmetry, a closed
circulatory system and a complex nervous system
with a brain.
• Annelid worms live in salt water, fresh water, or on
land. They eat plant material or animals.
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Section 2 Mollusks and Annelid Worms
Annelid Worms, continued
• Earthworms Earthworms are the most common
annelid worms.
• Each earthworm has 100 to 175 segments. Most
segments are identical, but some have special jobs,
such as eating or reproducing.
• Earthworms eat soil. Their castings, or waste,
improves soil quality.
• To move, earthworms use stiff hairs, or bristles, on
the sides of their bodies.
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Section 2 Mollusks and Annelid Worms
Annelid Worms, continued
• Marine Worms Marine worms are covered in
bristles and come in many colors.
• Most marine worms live in the ocean. Marine worms
eat mollusks, other small animals, or filter food from
the water.
• Leeches Some leeches are parasites that suck
other animals’ blood. Other leeches eat dead animals
or hunt insects, slugs, and snails.
• Doctors use leeches to prevent swelling.
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Chapter B2
Section 3 Arthropods
Bellringer
Pretend that you can undergo metamorphosis. Write
your responses to the following questions in your
science journal:
• What will you look like when you emerge?
• How might you find food, and what might you eat?
• What adaptations that you do not have now might
you have after metamorphosis?
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Chapter B2
Section 3 Arthropods
Objectives
• List the four main characteristics of arthropods.
• Describe the different body parts of the four kinds of
arthropods.
• Describe the two types of metamorphosis in insects.
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Chapter B2
Section 3 Arthropods
Characteristics of Arthropods
• Arthropods share four characteristics: a segmented
body with specialized parts, jointed limbs, an
exoskeleton, and a well-developed nervous system.
• Segmented and Specialized Like annelid worms,
arthropods are segmented. Many also have
specialized parts such as wings, antennae, gills,
pincers, and claws.
• Jointed Limbs Jointed limbs are legs or other body
parts that bend at the joints and make moving easier.
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Section 3 Arthropods
Characteristics of Arthropods, continued
•An External Skeleton The hard, external structure
that covers the outside of the body is called an
exoskeleton. The exoskeleton supports the body,
protects internal organs, and prevents water loss.
• Sensing Surroundings Arthropods that have
compound eyes can see images. A compound eye is
an eye that is made of many identical, light-sensitive
units.
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Chapter B2
Section 3 Arthropods
Compound Eye
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
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Chapter B2
Section 3 Arthropods
Kinds of Arthropods
• Arthropods are classified by the kinds and numbers
of body parts they have.
• An antenna is a feller that sense touch, taste, or
smell.
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Chapter B2
Section 3 Arthropods
Kinds of Arthropods, continued
• Centipedes and Millipedes Centipedes and
millipedes have one pair of antennae, a hard head,
and one pair of mandibles. Mandibles are mouthparts
that can pierce and suck food.
• Centipedes have one pair of legs on each segment
and a total of 30 to 354 legs.
• Millipedes have two pairs of legs on each segment
and as many as 752 legs.
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Section 3 Arthropods
Kinds of Arthropods, continued
• Crustaceans Shrimps, barnacles, crabs, and
lobsters are crustaceans.
• Crustaceans have gills for breathing, mandibles for
eating, two compound eyes on eyestalks, and two
pairs of antennae.
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Section 3 Arthropods
Kinds of Arthropods, continued
• Arachnids Spiders, scorpions, mites, and ticks are
arachnids.
• Arachnids have two main body parts: a
cephalothorax and an abdomen.
• Most arachnids have four pairs of legs, no antenna,
simple eyes, and mouth parts called chelicerae.
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Chapter B2
Section 3 Arthropods
Body Parts of Arachnids
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Chapter B2
Section 3 Arthropods
Kinds of Arthropods, continued
• Insects Insects make up the largest group of
arthropods. If you put all the insects in the world
together, they would weigh more than all the other
animals combined!
• Insects have three main body parts, six legs, and two
antennae.
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Chapter B2
Section 3 Arthropods
The World of Insects
• Insect Bodies An insect’s body has three parts: the
head, the thorax, and the abdomen.
• Metamorphosis is a phase in the life cycle of many
animals during which a rapid change from the
immature form of an organism to the adult form takes
place.
• Complete Metamorphosis Most insects go through
a complete metamorphosis. Complete metamorphosis
has four parts: eggs, larva, pupa, and adult.
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Chapter B2
Section 3 Arthropods
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Chapter B2
Section 3 Arthropods
The World of Insects, continued
• Incomplete Metamorphosis Grasshoppers and
cockroaches are some of the insects that go through
incomplete metamorphosis.
• Incomplete metamorphosis has three main stages:
egg, nymph, and adult.
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Chapter B2
Section 3 Arthropods
Incomplete Metamorphosis
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Chapter B2
Section 4 Echinoderms
Bellringer
Echinoderms include marine animals such as sea
stars, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers. All these
organisms are slow moving bottom dwellers. How do
you think they protect themselves from predators?
Record your response in your science journal.
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Chapter B2
Section 4 Echinoderms
Objectives
• Describe the endoskeleton, nervous system, and
water vascular system of echinoderms.
• Explain how an echinoderm’s body symmetry
changes with age.
• Describe five classes of echinoderms.
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Chapter B2
Section 4 Echinoderms
• Echinoderms are spiny invertebrates that live in the
ocean.
• Sea stars, sea urchins, and sand dollars are some
familiar members of this group.
• Echinoderms eat shellfish, dead plants or animals, or
algae that they scrape off rocks.
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Chapter B2
Section 4 Echinoderms
Spiny Skinned
• The name echinoderm means “spiny skinned.”
• The spines are actually on the animals endoskeleton.
An endoskeleton in an internal skeleton made of bone
or cartilage.
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Chapter B2
Section 4 Echinoderms
Bilateral or Radial?
• Adult echinoderms have radial symmetry. Larvae
have bilateral symmetry.
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Chapter B2
Section 4 Echinoderms
The Nervous System
• All echinoderms have a simple nervous system
similar to that of a jellyfish. Around the mouth is a circle
of nerve fibers called the nerve ring.
• Sea stars have a radial nerve that runs from the nerve
ring to the tip of each arm.
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Chapter B2
Section 4 Echinoderms
Sea Star Nervous System
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Chapter B2
Section 4 Echinoderms
Water Vascular System
• The water vascular system is a system of canals
filled with a watery fluid that circulates throughout the
body of an echinoderm.
• Echinoderms use their water vascular system to
move, eat, breathe, and sense its environment.
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Chapter B2
Section 4 Echinoderms
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Chapter B2
Section 4 Echinoderms
Kinds of Echinoderms
• There are five major classes of echinoderms. Sea
stars are the most familiar class.
• Brittle Stars and Basket Stars Brittle stars and
basket stars look like sea stars. But these echinoderms
have long, slim arms and are often smaller than sea
stars. They don’t have suckers on their tube feet.
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Chapter B2
Section 4 Echinoderms
Kinds of Echinoderms, continued
• Sea Urchins and Sand Dollars Sea urchins and
sand dollars are round. Their endoskeletons form a
solid, shell-like structure.
• Sea Lilies and Feather Stars Sea lilies and feather
stars have 5 to 200 feathery arms.
• Sea Cucumbers Like sea urchins and sand dollars,
sea cucumbers have no arms. A sea cucumber has a
soft, leathery body.
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Chapter B2
Invertebrates
Concept Map
Use the terms below to complete the concept map
on the next slide.
Cnidarians
Symmetry
Invertebrates
Mollusks
Annelid worms
Snails
Bilateral
Sponges
Coral
Asymmetry
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Chapter B2
Invertebrates
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Chapter B2
Invertebrates
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End of Chapter B2 Show
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Chapter B2
Standardized Test Preparation
Reading
Read each of the passages. Then answer the
questions that follow each passage.
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Chapter B2
Standardized Test Preparation
Passage 1 Giant squids are very similar to their
smaller relatives. They have a torpedo-shaped body,
two tentacles, eight arms, a mantle, and a beak. All of
their body parts are much larger, though. A giant
squid’s eye may be as large as a volleyball! Given
the size of giant squids, it’s hard to imagine that they
have any enemies in the ocean, but they do.
Continued on the next slide
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Passage 1, continued Toothed sperm whales eat
giant squids. How do we know this? Thousands of
squid beaks have been found in the stomach of a
single sperm whale. The hard beaks of giant squids
are indigestible. Also, many whales bear ring marks
on their forehead and fins that match the size of the
suckers found on giant squids.
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Chapter B2
Standardized Test Preparation
1. Based on the passage, what do you think the word
indigestible describes?
A something that cannot be digested
B something that causes indigestion
C something that one cannot dig out
D something that one cannot guess
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Standardized Test Preparation
1. Based on the passage, what do you think the word
indigestible describes?
A something that cannot be digested
B something that causes indigestion
C something that one cannot dig out
D something that one cannot guess
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Standardized Test Preparation
2. What can you infer from this passage?
F Giant squids only imagine that they have enemies.
G A toothed sperm whale can eat 10,000 giant squids
in one meal.
H Giant squids defend themselves against toothed
sperm whales.
I Giant squids and sperm whales compete with each
other for food.
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Chapter B2
Standardized Test Preparation
2. What can you infer from this passage?
F Giant squids only imagine that they have enemies.
G A toothed sperm whale can eat 10,000 giant squids
in one meal.
H Giant squids defend themselves against toothed
sperm whales.
I Giant squids and sperm whales compete with each
other for food.
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Chapter B2
Standardized Test Preparation
3. How are giant squids different from other kinds of
squids?
A Giant squids have a torpedo-shaped body, a mantle,
and a beak.
B Giant squids have enemies in the ocean.
C Giant squids have larger body parts.
D Giant squids are the size of a volleyball.
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Chapter B2
Standardized Test Preparation
3. How are giant squids different from other kinds of
squids?
A Giant squids have a torpedo-shaped body, a mantle,
and a beak.
B Giant squids have enemies in the ocean.
C Giant squids have larger body parts.
D Giant squids are the size of a volleyball.
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Chapter B2
Standardized Test Preparation
Passage 2 Water bears are microscopic invertebrates
that are closely related to arthropods. Most water bears
live on wet mosses and lichens. Some of them eat
roundworms and other tiny animals, but most feed on
mosses. What makes water bears unique is their ability
to shut down their body processes. They do this when
their environment becomes too hot, too cold, or too dry.
Shutting down body processes means that the
organism doesn’t eat, move, or breathe. But it doesn’t
die, either. It just dries out.
Continued on the next slide
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Passage 2, continued When conditions improve, the
water bear returns to normal life. Scientists think that
the water bear’s cells become coated with sugar when
its body shuts down. This sugar may keep the cells
from breaking down while they are inactive.
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Chapter B2
Standardized Test Preparation
1. How do scientists think sugar helps water bears
survive while their body processes are shut down?
A Sugar coats their cells, keeping the cells from
breaking down.
B Sugar coats their cells, trapping moisture inside the
cells.
C Sugar coats their cells, keeping moisture from
entering the cells.
D Sugar provides water bears with nutrients.
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Chapter B2
Standardized Test Preparation
1. How do scientists think sugar helps water bears
survive while their body processes are shut down?
A Sugar coats their cells, keeping the cells from
breaking down.
B Sugar coats their cells, trapping moisture inside the
cells.
C Sugar coats their cells, keeping moisture from
entering the cells.
D Sugar provides water bears with nutrients.
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Chapter B2
Standardized Test Preparation
2. What do water bears eat?
F sugar
G mosses
H lichens
I arthropods
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Chapter B2
Standardized Test Preparation
2. What do water bears eat?
F sugar
G mosses
H lichens
I arthropods
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Standardized Test Preparation
3. Which is a unique characteristic of water bears?
A They are related to arthropods.
B They often live on mosses or lichens.
C They can live at the bottom of the ocean.
D They can shut down their body processes without
dying.
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Chapter B2
Standardized Test Preparation
3. Which is a unique characteristic of water bears?
A They are related to arthropods.
B They often live on mosses or lichens.
C They can live at the bottom of the ocean.
D They can shut down their body processes without
dying.
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Chapter B2
Standardized Test Preparation
Interpreting Graphics
This bar graph
shows the number
of monarchs in a
population from
1990 to1994. Use
the graph to answer
the questions that
follow.
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1. Compare the number of butterflies in the
population during 1990, 1991, 1992, and 1993.
Identify the statement that best describes how the
population changed during those years.
A The population increased.
B The population remained
the same.
C The population decreased.
D The population doubled
yearly.
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1. Compare the number of butterflies in the
population during 1990, 1991, 1992, and 1993.
Identify the statement that best describes how the
population changed during those years.
A The population increased.
B The population remained
the same.
C The population decreased.
D The population doubled
yearly.
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2. Why might butterfly scientists be surprised about
the 1994 monarch population?
F The 1994 population was the first population of 9
million ever recorded.
G The 1994 population was the first decreased
population recorded in 4 years.
H The 1994 population was the first increased
population recorded in 4 years.
I The 1994 population was the first decreased
population ever recorded.
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Chapter B2
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2. Why might butterfly scientists be surprised about
the 1994 monarch population?
F The 1994 population was the first population of 9
million ever recorded.
G The 1994 population was the first decreased
population recorded in 4 years.
H The 1994 population was the first increased
population recorded in 4 years.
I The 1994 population was the first decreased
population ever recorded.
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3. What can you infer from the graph about how the
monarch’s environmental conditions changed
between 1993 and 1994?
A Conditions were worse in 1994.
B Conditions did not change between 1993 and
1994.
C Conditions were better in 1994.
D This graph does not contain enough information to
determine how conditions changed between 1993
and 1994.
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3. What can you infer from the graph about how the
monarch’s environmental conditions changed
between 1993 and 1994?
A Conditions were worse in 1994.
B Conditions did not change between 1993 and
1994.
C Conditions were better in 1994.
D This graph does not contain enough information to
determine how conditions changed between 1993
and 1994.
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4. What was the average population of monarchs
during these 5 years?
F 7 million
G 8 million
H 9 million
I 40 million
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4. What was the average population of monarchs
during these 5 years?
F 7 million
G 8 million
H 9 million
I 40 million
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Math
Read each question and choose the best answer.
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Standardized Test Preparation
1. Raymond wanted to arrange his shell collection in
order of size. Which group of shell lengths is listed in
order from smallest to largest?
A 1.6 cm, 0.25 dm, 0.017 m, 5.0 cm
B 0.017 m, 0.25 dm, 1.6 cm, 5.0 cm
C 1.6 cm, 5.0 cm, 0.25 dm, 0.017 m
D 1.6 cm, 0.017 m, 0.25 dm, 5.0 cm
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1. Raymond wanted to arrange his shell collection in
order of size. Which group of shell lengths is listed in
order from smallest to largest?
A 1.6 cm, 0.25 dm, 0.017 m, 5.0 cm
B 0.017 m, 0.25 dm, 1.6 cm, 5.0 cm
C 1.6 cm, 5.0 cm, 0.25 dm, 0.017 m
D 1.6 cm, 0.017 m, 0.25 dm, 5.0 cm
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2. Raquelle wants to buy some earthworms to put in
her garden. The earthworms are sold in containers
that each hold 8 worms. How many containers will
Raquelle need to buy if she wants 75 earthworms?
F 9 containers
G 10 containers
H 15 containers
I 83 containers
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Chapter B2
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2. Raquelle wants to buy some earthworms to put in
her garden. The earthworms are sold in containers
that each hold 8 worms. How many containers will
Raquelle need to buy if she wants 75 earthworms?
F 9 containers
G 10 containers
H 15 containers
I 83 containers
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Chapter B2
Standardized Test Preparation
3. Maxwell found a huge basket star while he was
scuba diving. The basket star had five arms, and each
arm branched into three pieces. Each of these pieces
branched into two more tips. How many tips did the
basket star have?
A 2 tips
B 5 tips
C 15 tips
D 30 tips
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Chapter B2
Standardized Test Preparation
3. Maxwell found a huge basket star while he was
scuba diving. The basket star had five arms, and each
arm branched into three pieces. Each of these pieces
branched into two more tips. How many tips did the
basket star have?
A 2 tips
B 5 tips
C 15 tips
D 30 tips
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Chapter B2
Section 1 Simple Invertebrates
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Chapter B2
Section 1 Simple Invertebrates
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Chapter B2
Section 1 Simple Invertebrates
Body Form of Cnidarians
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Chapter B2
Section 2 Mollusks and Annelid Worms
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Chapter B2
Section 3 Arthropods
Body Parts of Arachnids
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Chapter B2
Section 4 Echinoderms
Sea Star Nervous System
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Standardized Test Preparation
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