Download Document

BIOLOGY
CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS
Fourth Edition
Neil A. Campbell • Jane B. Reece • Lawrence G. Mitchell • Martha R. Taylor
CHAPTER 22
Respiration: The Exchange of
Gases
Modules 22.1 – 22.4
From PowerPoint® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Surviving in Thin Air
• The air at the height of the world’s highest
peak, Mt. Everest, is very low in oxygen
– Even expert mountain climbers do not always
survive the journey
– Thin air can weaken
muscles, damage
the digestive system,
cloud the mind, and
sometimes fill the
lungs with blood
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Geese have adaptations that allow them to fly
over the Himalayas
– Their efficient lungs draw more oxygen from the
atmosphere
– Their hemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen
– They have a large
number of capillaries
to deliver this oxygenrich blood to tissues
and muscles
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
O2
Lung
CO2
1 Breathing
Circulatory
system
2 Transport
of gases by
the circulatory
system
Mitochondria
3 Servicing of
O2
cells within
the body
tissues
CO2
Capillary
Cell
Figure 22.1
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cut
Cross section
of respiratory
surface (the
skin covering
the body)
CO2
O2
Capillaries
Figure 22.2A
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Air sacs
Tracheae
Opening
for air
Body
cell
Tracheole
Air
sac
Trachea
Air
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Body wall
Figure 22.5A, C
Body surface
Respiratory
surface
(gill)
CO2
Capillaries
O2
Figure 22.2B
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
– Lungs in land
vertebrates
– Tracheae in
insects
Body surface
Body surface
Respiratory
surface
(tracheae)
O2
Body cells
(no capillaries)
Respiratory
surface
(within lung)
CO2
O2
Capillary
CO2
Figure 22.2C, D
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 22.5B
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The human respiratory system
Nasal
cavity
Pharynx
(Esophagus)
Left lung
Larynx
Trachea
Right
lung
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Diaphragm
(Heart)
Figure 22.6A
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 22.6C
Oxygen-rich
blood
Oxygen-poor
blood
Bronchiole
Alveoli
Blood capillaries
Figure 22.6B
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 22.10A
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Heme
group
Iron
atom
O2 loaded
in lungs
O2 unloaded
in tissues
O2
O2
Polypeptide chain
Figure 22.10B
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
TISSUE CELL
CO2 produced
INTERSTITIAL CO
2
FLUID
BLOOD
PLASMA
WITHIN
CAPILLARY
CO2
Capillary
wall
CO2
H2O
RED
BLOOD
CELL
H2CO3
Carbonic acid
HCO3–
+
Bicarbonate
HCO3–
Figure 22.11A
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
H+
Hemoglobin
picks up
CO2 and H+
ALVEOLAR SPACE IN LUNG
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
H2O
Hemoglobin
releases
CO2 and H+
H2CO3
HCO3–
HCO3–
Figure 22.11B
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
+
H+
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
22.8 Breathing ventilates the lungs
Rib cage
expands as
rib muscles
contract
Air
inhaled
Rib cage
gets smaller
as rib muscles
relax
Air
exhaled
Lung
Diaphragm
INHALATION
Diaphragm contracts
(moves down)
EXHALATION
Diaphragm relaxes
(moves up)
Figure 22.8A
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Brain
Cerebrospinal fluid
BREATHING CONTROL
CENTERS—stimulated by:
Pons
Medulla
CO2 increase / pH decrease
in blood
Nerve signal
indicating low
O2 level
Nerve signals
trigger
contraction
of muscles
O2 sensor
in artery
Diaphragm
Figure 22.9
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Rib muscles
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 22.7A, B
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings