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Chapter 6
Anatomy and
Physiology
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Objectives
6.1 Define the following terms:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
anatomy
body system
cell
homeostasis
organ
physiology
tissue
6.2 Identify various anatomical terms
commonly used to refer to the body.
BRADY
continued
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Objectives
6.3 Identify at least four body positions.
6.4 List the five body cavities.
6.5 Identify and describe the fundamental
anatomy and physiology of the 11 body
systems.
6.6 Describe homeostasis and its importance
for good health.
6.7 Identify and properly use various
anatomical terms to describe body
direction, location, and movement.
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Topics
 Anatomy
and Physiology
 Body Cavities
 Body Systems
 Homeostasis
 Chapter Summary
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Case Presentation
You respond to an emergency involving two skiers
who have collided; both people appear injured.
The first person, a woman, is sitting on the ground
with her knees drawn up toward her chest. She is
clutching her left side and is groaning in pain. The
second person, a man, is lying on the ground. His left
leg is bent at an awkward angle and he repeatedly
states, “What happened?”
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Anatomy and Physiology
 Anatomy
◦ The study of the human body’s
structure.
 Physiology
◦ The study of human mechanical,
physical, and biochemical functions.
continued
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Anatomy and Physiology
 Terms
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
BRADY
for Direction and Location
Anterior/posterior
Superior/inferior
Medial/lateral
Proximal/distal
Superficial/deep
Internal/external
Right/left
continued
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Anatomy and Physiology
 Terms
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
for Movements
Flexion
Extension
Hyper
Abduction
Adduction
continued
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Anatomy and Physiology
 Terms
for Position
◦ Normal anatomical position
continued
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Anatomy and Physiology
continued
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Anatomy and Physiology
continued
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Anatomy and Physiology
 Terms
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
for Position
Supine position
Prone position
Right and left lateral recumbent position
Semi-Fowler position
High-Fowler position
continued
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Anatomy and Physiology
continued
Copyright Mike Halloran
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Anatomy and Physiology
continued
Copyright Mike Halloran
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Anatomy and Physiology
continued
Copyright Mike Halloran
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Anatomy and Physiology
 Terms
for Position
◦ Trendelenburg position
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Anatomy and Physiology
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Body Cavities
 Organs:
The five major body cavities
include:
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
BRADY
Cranial cavity
Spinal cavity
Thoracic (chest) cavity
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Body Cavities
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Body Systems
A
body system consists of a group of
organs that perform specific body
functions needed for life.
 There are 11 organ systems in the
human body.
continued
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Body Systems
1. Respiratory System
◦ Delivers oxygen to the body
• Contraction of the diaphragm
• Expansion of the lungs
continued
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Body Systems
continued
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Body Systems
1. Respiratory System
◦ Anatomy
• Upper and Lower airway
◦ Physiology
•
•
•
•
BRADY
Minute ventilation and Tidal Volume
Carbon dioxide level
Removal of carbon dioxide (respiration)
Moving air in and out of lungs, exchange
oxygen and carbon dioxide
continued
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Body Systems
continued
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Body Systems
2. The Cardiovascular System
◦ Heart, blood vessels, and blood
◦ Deliver oxygen, nutrients, and fluids to
body’s cells
◦ Transports carbon dioxide and waste to
lungs and kidneys
continued
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Body Systems
continued
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Body Systems
2. The Cardiovascular System
◦ Anatomy
• Heart
•
•
•
•
4 chambers
Veins
Arteries
Pace cells
continued
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Body Systems
continued
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Body Systems
2. The Cardiovascular System
◦ Anatomy
• Blood
• 4 components of blood
• Red blood cells
• White blood cells
• Platelets
• Plasma
• Blood vessels
continued
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Body Systems
2. The Cardiovascular System
◦ Physiology
• Blood pressure
• Pulse pressure
continued
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Body Systems
continued
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Body Systems
3. The Nervous System
◦ Anatomy
• Central nervous system
• Brain
• Cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem
• Meninges
• Spinal cord
• Peripheral nervous system
◦ Physiology
• Voluntary systems
• Autonomic systems
BRADY
continued
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Body Systems
continued
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Body Systems
4. Gastrointestinal System
◦ Anatomy
•
•
•
•
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small and large intestine
◦ Physiology
• Saliva
• Hydrochloric acid
• Bile
BRADY
continued
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Case Update
You contact dispatch to request immediate
assistance. You also request that equipment and two
toboggans be brought to the scene.
You perform a complete assessment on both
patients. Based on your assessment and your
knowledge of anatomy, you suspect the female
patient may have injuries involving the skeletal,
gastrointestinal, and circulatory systems and are
concerned that she may have internal bleeding within
the thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, or both.
BRADY
You suspect the male patient has serious
musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and nervous
system-related injuries.
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5
th
Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Body Systems
 5.
The Urinary System
◦ Elimination of waste
◦ Filter and excrete waste from kidneys
◦ Anatomy
•
•
•
•
Located in lower back
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra
continued
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Body Systems
 5.
The Urinary System
◦ Physiology
• Electrolyte balance
• Control the PH in blood
continued
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Body Systems
continued
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Body Systems
6. The Endocrine System
◦ Anatomy
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
BRADY
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Thyroid
Adrenals
Pancreas
Gonads
Pineal
continued
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Body Systems
6. The Endocrine System
◦ Physiology
• Blood glucose levels
• Sympathetic nervous system
continued
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Body Systems
continued
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Body Systems
7. The Integumentary System
◦ Anatomy
•
•
•
•
Skin
Hair
Nails
Sweat glands
◦ Physiology
• Protection
• Fluid Balance
• Temperature Regulation
BRADY
continued
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Body Systems
continued
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Body Systems
8. The Skeletal System
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
Anatomy
Flat bones
Skull and Pelvis
Long Bones
Upper and Lower Extremities
continued
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Body Systems
continued
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Body Systems
8. The Skeletal System
◦ Anatomy
• Long and flat bones
•
•
•
•
Skull and spinal column
Thorax
Pelvis
Upper and lower extremities
◦ Physiology
• Structure to the body
• Bone marrow makes blood cells
BRADY
continued
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Body Systems
continued
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Body Systems
9. The Muscular System
◦ Anatomy
• Skeletal
• Smooth
• Cardiac
◦ Physiology
• Flexion
• Extension
continued
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Body Systems
continued
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Body Systems
10.The Reproductive System
◦ Anatomy
• Male organs
•
•
•
•
•
•
Testicles
Penis
Urethra
Scrotum
Prostate
Seminal Vesicles
continued
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Body Systems
continued
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Body Systems
10.The Reproductive System
◦ Anatomy
• Female
•
•
•
•
Ovaries
Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Vagina
◦ Physiology
• Male
• Female
BRADY
continued
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Body Systems
continued
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Body Systems
11.The Lymphatic System
◦ Anatomy
• Organs, ducts, or tubes
• Lymph “nodes”
◦ Physiology
• White blood cells
• Spleen
continued
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Body Systems
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Homeostasis
 Homeostasis
◦ Body systems interact with each other
◦ Vital for good health and survival
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Case Disposition
Other OEC technicians arrive with trauma packs, an
oxygen kit, and two toboggans.
You and the other OEC technicians correctly assess,
treat, and package the two patients, load them onto
toboggans, and transport them to waiting
ambulances. You later learn that the woman was
admitted with rib fractures and a ruptured spleen and
that the man had a proximal femur fracture and was
diagnosed with a mild concussion.
Both patients were expected to make a full recovery.
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Chapter Summary
 Eleven
organ systems in the human
body work together in a coordinated
fashion to maintain a healthy state
 Each organ system has a specific
purpose that is essential for life
continued
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Chapter Summary
 Understanding
the anatomy and
physiology of the eleven organ
systems will help you assess your
patients as you identify systems that
may not be functioning properly from
illness and trauma.
continued
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Chapter Summary
 Human
anatomy is the study of the
structure of the human body.
 Human physiology is the study of the
function of the human body.
continued
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Chapter Summary
 The
eleven organ systems and their
functions are:
1. The Respiratory system. Brings oxygen
into the body and removes carbon
dioxide from the body.
2. The Cardiovascular system. Moves
blood and nutrients throughout the
body. Also called circulatory system.
continued
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Chapter Summary
 The
eleven organ systems and their
functions are:
3. The Nervous system. Allows thought
processes. Controls organ systems.
4. The Gastrointestinal system. Breaks
down food and absorbs nutrients.
5. The Urinary System. Excretes wastes
and toxins from the body.
continued
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Chapter Summary
 The
eleven organ systems and their
functions are:
6. The Endocrine System. Controls organ
systems via hormones.
7. The Integumentary System. Regulates
temperature. Protects the body. Also
called skin.
8. The Skeletal System. Provides
structure to the body. Makes blood continued
cells.
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ
Chapter Summary
 The
eleven organ systems and their
functions are:
9. The Muscular System. Permits body
movement.
10.The Reproductive system. Responsible
for human reproduction.
11.The Lymphatic system. Protects the
body from harmful microorganisms.
continued
Returns fluid to blood stream.
BRADY
National Ski Patrol, Outdoor Emergency Care, 5th Ed.
©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ