Download Anatomy of the Respiratory System (con`t)

Medical Language
Second Edition
CHAPTER
4
Pulmonology
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Learning Objectives
1. Identify the structures of the respiratory
system.
2. Describe the process of respiration.
3. Describe common respiratory diseases
and conditions, laboratory and diagnostic
procedures, medical and surgical
procedures, and drug categories.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Learning Objectives
4. Give the medical meaning of word parts
related to the respiratory system.
5. Build respiratory words from word parts
and divide and define respiratory words.
6. Spell and pronounce respiratory words.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Learning Objectives
7. Analyze the medical content and
meaning of a pulmonology report.
8. Dive deeper into pulmonology by
reviewing the activities at the end of this
chapter and online at Medical
Terminology Interactive.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Multimedia Directory
Slide 9
Slide 43
Slide 44
Slide 45
Slide 46
Slide 48
Slide 49
Slide 50
Slide 54
Slide 64
Slide 74
Slide 79
Respiratory System Animation
Asthma Animation
Asthma Video
Alternative Asthma Treatments Video
Bronchitis Animation
Rhonchi Lung Sounds
Stridor Lung Sounds
Vesicular Lung Sounds
Cystic Fibrosis Video
Tuberculosis Video
Tuberculosis Testing Video
Incentive Spirometry Video
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Multimedia Directory
Slide 81
Slide 92
Slide 93
Slide 94
Oxygen Mask Video
Respiratory Therapy Career Video
Respiratory Therapy and Ethical Issues Video
Respiratory Therapy and Professional Organizations Video
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Pulmonology
• The medical specialty that studies the
anatomy and physiology of the respiratory
system and uses diagnostic tests, medical
and surgical procedures, and drugs to
treat respiratory diseases.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
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Figure 4-1 Respiratory system
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Respiratory System Animation
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The animation may require a few seconds to begin playing.
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Anatomy and Physiology
• Consists of the right and left lungs and the
air passageways that connect the lungs to
the outside of the body
• The upper respiratory system is in the
head and neck and includes the nose,
nasal cavity, and pharynx (throat).
• The upper respiratory system shares
structures with the ears, nose, and throat
(ENT) system.
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Anatomy and Physiology (con't)
• The lower respiratory system is in the neck
and thoracic cavity and includes the larynx
(voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchi,
bronchioles, and alveoli (in the lungs).
• The lungs fill much of the thoracic cavity.
• Brings oxygen into the body and expels
the waste product carbon dioxide
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Anatomy of the Respiratory
System
• Nose and Nasal Cavity
– The nose contains the nasal cavity, which is
divided in the center by the nasal septum.
– Each side of the nasal septum has three long,
bony projections: the superior, middle, and
inferior turbinates, or nasal conchae, which jut
into the nasal cavity and slow down inhaled
air so that it can be warmed and moistened.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
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Anatomy of the Respiratory
System (con't)
• The nasal cavity is lined with mucosa, a
mucous membrane that humidifies the air
and produces mucus.
• Mucus and hairs in the nose trap inhaled
particles of dust, pollen, smoke, and
bacteria and keep them from entering the
lungs.
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Susan Turley
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Figure 4-2 Nasal cavity
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Anatomy of the Respiratory
System (con't)
• Pharynx
– Mucous membranes of the pharynx warm and
moisten inhaled air and trap particles.
– A common passageway for inhaled air,
exhaled air, and food.
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Anatomy of the Respiratory
System (con't)
• Larynx
– At its inferior end, the pharynx divides into two
parts: the larynx which leads to the trachea;
and the esophagus which leads to the
stomach.
– Remains open during respiration and speech,
allowing air to pass in and out through the
vocal cords.
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Anatomy of the Respiratory
System (con't)
• Larynx (con't)
– During swallowing, muscles in the neck pull
the larynx up to meet the epiglottis, which
seals off the larynx, so that swallowed food
moves across the epiglottis and into the
esophagus, not into the trachea.
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Figure 4-3 Larynx
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Anatomy of the Respiratory
System (con't)
• Trachea
– Below the vocal cords, the larynx merges into
the trachea, which is about 1 inch in diameter
and 4 inches in length.
– A passageway for inhaled and exhaled air
– A column of C-shaped rings of cartilage
provide support to the trachea.
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Susan Turley
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Anatomy of the Respiratory
System (con't)
• Trachea (con't)
– On the posterior surface where there is no
cartilage, the trachea is flexible and can
flatten to make room when food passes
through the esophagus.
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Anatomy of the Respiratory
System (con't)
• Bronchi
– The trachea ends at the top of the inverted Y
of the right and left primary bronchi.
– The primary bronchi have cartilage rings that
provide support.
– Each primary bronchus enters a lung and
branches into smaller bronchioles.
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Anatomy of the Respiratory
System (con't)
• Bronchi (con't)
– The smallest bronchioles (diameter 1 mm or
less) have smooth muscle around them, but
no cartilage.
– The lumen is the central opening in the
bronchi and bronchioles through which air
passes.
– Bronchopulmonary refers to the bronchi and
the lungs.
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Anatomy of the Respiratory
System (con't)
• Bronchi (con't)
– The bronchial tree includes the trachea,
bronchi, and bronchioles.
– The bronchial tree is lined with cilia, small
hairs that move in coordinated waves to carry
mucus and trapped particles toward the throat
where they can be expelled.
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Figure 4-4 Trachea, lung, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli
Medical Language, Second Edition
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Anatomy of the Respiratory
System (con't)
• Lungs
– Spongy, air-filled structures
– Each lung contains lobes, large divisions
whose dividing lines are visible on the outer
surface of the lung.
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Anatomy of the Respiratory
System (con't)
• Lungs (con't)
– The right lung, which is larger, has three
lobes:
 The right upper lobe (RUL)
 The right middle lobe (RML)
 The right lower lobe (RLL)
– The left lung has two lobes:
 The left upper lobe (LUL)
 The left lower lobe (LLL)
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Anatomy of the Respiratory
System (con't)
• Lungs (con't)
– The rounded top of each lung is the apex.
– The base of each lung lies along the
diaphragm.
– A bronchus enters the lung at the hilum (an
indentation on the medial surface of the lung).
– Inside the lung, the bronchus branches into
bronchioles, which branch into alveoli.
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Anatomy of the Respiratory
System (con't)
• Lungs (con't)
– Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged
between the alveolus and a nearby small
blood vessel (capillary).
– Alveolus secretes surfactant, a protein-fat
compound that reduces surface tension and
keeps the walls of the alveolus from
collapsing with each exhalation.
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Susan Turley
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Anatomy of the Respiratory
System (con't)
• Lungs (con't)
– Collectively, the alveoli are the pulmonary
parenchyma, the functional part of the lung,
as opposed to the connective tissue
framework around them.
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Anatomy of the Respiratory
System (con't)
• Thoracic Cavity
– The thorax is a bony cage that consists of the
sternum (breast bone), the ribs, and the spinal
column; it surrounds and protects the thoracic
cavity.
– The mediastinum, an irregularly shaped area
between the lungs, contains the trachea (and
the heart and esophagus).
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Figure 4-5 Diaphragm and pleura
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Anatomy of the Respiratory
System (con't)
• Thoracic Cavity (con't)
– The diaphragm, a sheet of skeletal muscle, is
active during normal or forceful inhalation.
– Intercostal muscles pull the ribs up and out, or
down and in, during forceful
inhalation/exhalation.
– Each lung is surrounded by the pleura, a
double-layered serous membrane.
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Anatomy of the Respiratory
System (con't)
• Thoracic Cavity (con't)
– The visceral pleura is the layer next to the
lung surface, while the parietal pleura is the
layer next to the wall of the thorax.
– The pleura secretes pleural fluid, a slippery,
watery fluid that allows the two layers to slide
smoothly past each other as the lungs expand
and contract during respiration.
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Physiology of Respiration
• Respiration consists of breathing in and
breathing out.
• Breathing in is inhalation or inspiration.
• Breathing out is exhalation or expiration.
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Physiology of Respiration (con't)
• Breathing is normally an involuntary
process.
• The respiratory control centers in the brain
regulate the depth and rate of respiration.
• Receptors in large arteries in the chest
and neck send these centers information
about the blood level of oxygen; receptors
in the brain send information about the
blood level of carbon dioxide.
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Physiology of Respiration (con't)
• The respiratory control centers send nerve
impulses to the phrenic nerve, causing the
diaphragm to contract and begin
inspiration.
• A normal depth and rate of respiration is
known as eupnea.
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Physiology of Respiration (con't)
• Respiration involves five separate
processes:
– Ventilation―Movement of air in and out of
the lungs
– External respiration―Movement of oxygen
from the alveoli into the blood and movement
of carbon dioxide from the blood into the
alveoli
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Physiology of Respiration (con't)
– Gas transport―Blood transports oxygen and
carbon dioxide; oxygenated blood travels from
lungs to heart, where it is pumped throughout
the body
– Internal respiration―Movement of oxygen
from blood into cells and movement of carbon
dioxide from cells into blood
– Cellular respiration―Oxygen is used by the
cells to produce energy in the process of
metabolism
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Figure 4-6 Exhalation
(Jim Corwin/Photo Researchers, Inc.)
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Figure 4-7 Gas exchange
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Diseases and Conditions
• Nose and Pharynx
– Upper respiratory infection (URI)
• Trachea, Bronchi, and Bronchioles
– Asthma
– Bronchitis
– Bronchiectasis
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Figure 4-8 Upper respiratory infection
(Mednet/Phototake NYC)
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Asthma Animation
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Asthma Video
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Alternative Asthma Treatments
Video
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Bronchitis Animation
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Diseases and Conditions (con't)
• Lungs
– Abnormal breath sounds
– Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
– Atelectasis
– Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD)
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Rhonchi Lung Sounds
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Stridor Lung Sounds
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Vesicular Lung Sounds
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Figure 4-9 Adult respiratory distress syndrome
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Diseases and Conditions (con't)
• Lungs (con't)
– Cystic fibrosis (CF)
– Empyema
– Influenza
– Legionnaire’s disease
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Figure 4-10 Cystic fibrosis
(Pearson Education/PH College)
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Cystic Fibrosis Video
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Figure 4-11 Postural drainage and percussion
(Hattie Young/Photo Researchers, Inc.)
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Diseases and Conditions (con't)
• Lungs (con't)
– Lung cancer
– Occupational lung diseases
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Figure 4-12 Tar deposits in the lungs
(James Stevenson/Photo Researchers, Inc.)
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Figure 4-13 Lung cancer
(St. Bartholomew’s Hospital/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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Diseases and Conditions (con't)
• Lungs (con't)
– Aspiration pneumonia
– Bacterial pneumonia
– Bronchopneumonia
– Double pneumonia
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Diseases and Conditions (con't)
• Lungs (con't)
– Lobar pneumonia
– Pneumococcal pneumonia
– Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia
– Viral pneumonia
– Walking pneumonia
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Figure 4-14 Pneumonia
(Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.)
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Diseases and Conditions (con't)
• Lungs (con't)
– Pulmonary edema
– Pulmonary embolism
– Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
– Tuberculosis (TB)
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Figure 4-15 Pulmonary embolus
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Tuberculosis Video
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Diseases and Conditions (con't)
• Pleura and Thorax
– Hemothorax
– Pleural effusion
– Pleurisy
– Pneumothorax
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Diseases and Conditions (con't)
• Respiration
– Apnea
– Bradypnea
– Cough
– Dyspnea
– Orthopnea
– Tachypnea
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Diseases and Conditions (con't)
• Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Levels
– Anoxia
– Asphyxia
– Cyanosis
– Hypercapnia
– Hypoxemia
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Laboratory and Diagnostic
Procedures
• Arterial blood gases (ABG)
• Carboxyhemoglobin
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Laboratory and Diagnostic
Procedures (con't)
• Oximetry
• Pulmonary function test (PFT)
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Figure 4-16 Pulse oximeter
(O’Brien/Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.)
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Figure 4-17 Pulmonary function test
(BSIP/Phototake NYC)
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Laboratory and Diagnostic
Procedures (con't)
• Sputum culture and sensitivity (C&S)
• Tuberculosis tests
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Figure 4-18 Culture and sensitivity
(Science Heritage/Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.)
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Tuberculosis Testing Video
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Laboratory and Diagnostic
Procedures (con't)
• Radiology and Nuclear Medicine
Procedures
– Chest radiography
– CT scan and MRI scan
– Lung scan
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Medical and Surgical Procedures
• Medical Procedures
– Auscultation and percussion
– Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
– Endotracheal intubation
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Figure 4-19 Endotracheal intubation
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Medical and Surgical Procedures
(con't)
• Medical Procedures (con’t)
– Heimlich maneuver
– Incentive spirometry
– Oxygen therapy
– Vital signs
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Incentive Spirometry Video
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Figure 4-20 Nasal cannula
(©Ray Kemp/911 Imaging)
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Oxygen Mask Video
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Figure 4-21 Endotracheal tube and Ambu bag
(Pearson Education/PH College)
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Medical and Surgical Procedures
(con't)
• Surgical Procedures
– Bronchoscopy
– Chest tube insertion
– Lung resection
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Figure 4-22 Lobectomy
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Medical and Surgical Procedures
(con't)
• Surgical Procedures (con’t)
– Thoracentesis
– Thoracotomy
– Tracheostomy
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Figure 4-23 Tracheostomy
(©Jenny Thomas/Pearson Education)
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Drug Categories
• These categories of drugs are used to
treat respiratory diseases and conditions:
– Antibiotic drugs
– Antitubercular drugs
– Antitussive drugs
– Antiviral drugs
– Bronchodilator drugs
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Figure 4-24 Metered-dose inhaler
(Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.)
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Drug Categories (con’t)
• These categories of drugs are used to
treat respiratory diseases and conditions:
– Corticosteroid drugs
– Expectorant drugs
– Leukotriene receptor blocker drugs
– Mast cell stabilizer drugs
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Abbreviations
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Abbreviations (con't)
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Respiratory Therapy Career
Video
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Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Respiratory Therapy and Ethical
Issues Video
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of ethical issues in respiratory
therapy.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Back to Directory
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Respiratory Therapy and
Professional Organizations Video
Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of professional organizations in
respiratory therapy.
Medical Language, Second Edition
Susan Turley
Back to Directory
Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.