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The Pharmacy Technician
FOUNDATIONS AND PRACTICES
Chapter 25
The Respiratory System
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
The Respiratory System
• Divided into the upper respiratory tract and
•
the lower respiratory tract
The upper respiratory tract consists of:
– Nose or nasal cavity
– Paranasal sinuses
– Pharynx and larynx
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
The Respiratory System (cont.)
• The lower respiratory tract consists of:
– Trachea
– Two lungs
– Two main bronchi
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 25.1
The upper respiratory tract.
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 25.2
The lower respiratory tract.
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Respiration
• Diaphragm—dome-shaped layer of
•
•
•
muscle that lies across bottom of chest
cavity
Breathing occurs as diaphragm contracts
and relaxes
Carbon dioxide pushed out of the lungs
during relaxation
Oxygen pulled into the lungs during
contraction
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 25.3
The lungs.
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Structure of Lungs
• About 10 percent solid tissue
• Remainder of structure filled with air and
•
blood
The functional structure can be divided
into two parts:
– Conducting airways (bronchi and
bronchioles)—tubes lined by cilia and
respiratory mucosa
– Cartilage—supports and cushions the bronchi
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Common Cold
• Caused by a viral infection that inflames
•
•
the membranes in nose and throat
Antibiotics will not cure a cold or any other
viral infection
Treatment is considered symptomatic
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Table 25.1
Comparison of Cold and Flu Symptoms
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Cough
• May be a symptom of a cold, flu,
•
•
•
respiratory problems, or nonrespiratory
diseases
Most likely begins with an irritation of
nerves in the respiratory tract
Nonproductive cough treated with cough
suppressant
Productive cough treated with an
expectorant
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Allergies
• Caused by the immune system reacting to
•
•
a substance that does not cause disease
Treatment may be palliative, with
antihistamines and antitussives
Treatment may be preventive, with mast
cell stabilizers
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Asthma
• Chronic respiratory disease
• Characterized by inflammation of airways,
•
tightening of muscles around airways
Treatment is palliative with albuterol and
other bronchodilators
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Emphysema
• Chronic destruction of alveoli
• External exchange interrupted when
•
•
alveoli become permanently damaged
Treatment may be palliative, with stimulant
inhalers
Treatment may be preventive, with antiinflammatory corticosteroids
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Rhinitis
• Inflammation of nasal membranes, and/or
•
•
runny nose
Common component of colds and allergies
Treatment is considered symptomatic
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Nasal Congestion
• Inflamed, stuffy nose
• Treatment may be palliative, to promote
•
easier breathing
Indications for use of decongestants are
nasal and bronchial congestion
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Bronchoconstriction
• Occurs when the smooth muscles
•
•
encircling the airways or tubes tighten,
causing the airways to spasm
Treatment may be palliative
Treatment may be preventive
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease (COPD)
• Umbrella term for emphysema and chronic
•
•
•
•
bronchitis
Characterized by partially blocked bronchi
and bronchioles
Causes shortness of breath
Treatment may be palliative, with
bronchodilators
Treatment may be preventive, with mast
cell stabilizers
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Table 25.2
Comparison of Cough Formula for Nonproductive versus Productive Coughs
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Table 25.2 (continued)
Comparison of Cough Formula for Nonproductive versus Productive Coughs
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Table 25.3
Nasal Decongestants
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Table 25.4
Examples of OTC Antihistamines (H-1 Antagonists) Used for Cold and Allergy Symptoms
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Table 25.5
Examples of Prescription Antihistamines (H-1 Antagonists) for Allergy
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Table 25.6
Examples of Prescription Ophthalmic Antihistamines (H-1 Antagonists)
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Table 25.8
Mast Cell Stabilizers
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Table 25.9
Beta-Adrenergic Bronchodilators
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Table 25.9 (continued)
Beta-Adrenergic Bronchodilators
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Table 25.10
Various Treatments for Asthma
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Table 25.11
Corticosteroids
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Table 25.11 (continued)
Corticosteroids
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Table 25.12
Mast Cell Stabilizers and Antileukotrienes
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.