Download TAKS Objective 2 (Blitz) The Human Body System

TAKS Objective 2
The Human Body System
th
(11 Grade Blitz)
Levels of Organization in
Multicellular Organisms
Circulatory System
• Transports oxygen (by
hemoglobin in the red
blood cells), nutrients,
and needed materials
to the cells; transport
wastes from cells to
other parts of the body
• Heart, blood vessels
(arteries, capillaries,
veins)
Circulatory System interacting with other systems
Digestive
Nervous
Skeletal
Endocrine
Blood carries digested nutrients to body cells.
The brain stem controls heart rate.
Bone marrow produces blood cells,
Blood carries hormones throughout the body.
Reproductive
Nutrients diffuse through the placenta and are carried to the
embryo through blood vessels in the umbilical cord.
Integumentary
Platelets in the blood help close small cuts in the skin,
Immune
White blood cells attack pathogens such as bacteria and
viruses.
Excretory
Waste products are filtered from the blood in the kidneys.
Muscular
The heart is largely composed of muscle tissue.
Respiratory
Oxygen moves from the lungs to the blood, and carbon
dioxide moves from the blood to the lungs.
Digestive
• (also called Gastrointestinal
System tract) break down food
chemically (with enzymes)
and mechanically (chewing
& peristalsis) into nutrients
the body can use. The
nutrients are delivered to
the blood stream through
the the small intestines.
• Mouth (tongue teeth,
salivary glands), pharynx,
esophagus, stomach,
small intestine, large
intestine
• Accessory organs: liver,
gall bladder, pancreas
Nervous System
• Detect and respond to
changes in the
environment; transmit
information as
electrochemical impulses
throughout the body
• Brain, spinal cord,
nerves
• Cells of the nervous
system which transmit the
impulses are called
neurons
Skeletal System
• Support and movement of
body, protect internal
organs, produce blood
cells (bone marrow)
• Bones, cartilage
Endocrine System
• Secrete hormones (chemicals)
that work to regulate body
functions and maintain
homeostasis (balance)
• Pituitary, hypothalamus,
pineal, thymus, thryroid,
parathyroid, adrenals,
pancreas, testes (males),
ovaries (females)
Reproductive System
• Produce offspring
• Males: testes, vas deferens, prostate gland,
penis
• Females: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus,
vagina, breast
Integumentary System
• Provide barrier
between body and
external environment;
help maintain
homeostasis
• Skin, hair, nails
Respiratory System
Gas exchange
(CO2 with O2)
• Brings oxygen into the
body and eliminates and
carbon dioxide (gas
exchange) between
body and external
environment.
• The gases travels
through the blood
stream
• Nose, pharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchi,
lungs, diaphragm
Respiratory System interacting with other systems
Digestive
The pharynx serves as a passageway for both air and food.
Nervous
The brain stem regulates breathing.
Skeletal
The rib cage expands to help move air into the lungs.
Endocrine
Hormones can contribute to asthma attacks.
Reproductive
Breathing rate increases to provide the extra oxygen needed
during labor.
Integumentary
Cells lining the nostrils produce mucus that keeps the nearby
tissue from drying out
Immune
Mucus lining the respiratory passages helps trap pathogens.
Excretory
The respiratory system removes the waste gas carbon dioxide
from the body.
Muscular
Contraction of the diaphragm helps move air into the lungs.
Muscular System
• Move body and pump
blood throughout the
body
• Heart and other
muscles of the body
Pairs of opposing
muscles work together to
move bones and joints.
(i.e. When the bicep
muscle contracts, the
triceps muscle relaxes
and vice versa).
Muscular System interacting with other systems
Digestive
Muscles churn the stomach to aid in digestion.
Nervous
Signals travel down the spinal cord to the muscles.
Skeletal
Endocrine
Reproductive
Integumentary
The contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscles moves
bones.
Hormones cause males to put on more muscle mass during
puberty.
Muscle contractions in the uterus push the fetus out during
labor.
Muscles raise the hair on the arms and legs to help retain
heat.
Immune
Sneezing involves involuntary muscle contractions.
Excretory
Muscle contractions are involved in emptying the urinary
bladder.
Respiratory
Breathing rate increases during exercise to help meet the
increased oxygen demand by skeletal muscles.
Excretory System
(includes organs of the urinary, integumentary
respiratory & digestive system)
• Removes wastes
• Kidneys,
bladder, lungs,
skin, intestines
and rectum
Immune System
• Protects body from
diseases
• lymph nodes, lymph
vessels, White blood
cells (helper T cells)
Let’s try some
practice questions!
A portion of the human excretory system is
represented in the diagram above. The order in
which urine flows through the system is —
F.
G.
H.
J.
urethra 
bladder  ureter  kidney
ureter  kidney  bladder  urethra
kidney  ureter  bladder  urethra
bladder  urethra  kidney  ureter
Which body system is directly
responsible for delivering nutrients
to cells throughout the body?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Circulatory system
Integumentary system
Endocrine system
Respiratory system
Red marrow is the principal tissue that
produces red blood cells in humans. In
which body system is red marrow
found?
F. Integumentary system
G. Respiratory system
H. Nervous system
J. Skeletal system
The diagram represents a human arm.
Which structure is most responsible for
moving the arm to a straighter position?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Tendons of origin
Biceps
Radius
Triceps
Food is digested in the gastrointestinal
tract to provide nutrients to the body. In
addition, various hormones secreted
from the lining of a few digestive organs
allow other organs to function properly.
According to this information, some organs of
the gastrointestinal tract —
A.
B.
C.
D.
fit in more than one organ system
perform only one function at a time
supply the body with platelets
produce soluble vitamins
In the diagram above, one cell creates and
releases chemicals that travel to a second cell
and quickly induce that cell into action. This
diagram represents part of the —
A. endocrine system
B. skeletal system
C. muscular system
D. nervous system
Hemoglobin carries oxygen to
body cells. Which body system
contains hemoglobin?
A. Circulatory system
B. Respiratory system
C. Endocrine system
D. Nervous system
Nutrients from digested food
move from the digestive system
directly into the —
A.
B.
C.
D.
circulatory system
integumentary system
excretory system
endocrine system
When a person is frightened by a wild
animal, some organ systems
immediately become active, while others
are suppressed. Which of these systems
is likely to be suppressed?
F.
G.
H.
J.
Muscular system
Respiratory system
Endocrine system
Digestive system
How is the circulatory system related to
the digestive system?
F The brain stem controls the heart rate.
G Blood carries nutrients to body cells.
H Stomach muscles contract and expand.
J The pharynx is a passageway for air
and food.
How is the excretory system most likely to
respond when an animal is thirsty?
F.
G.
H.
J.
By relaxing the smooth muscles
By retaining body fluids
By absorbing heat from lymph glands
By releasing hormones
Because chewing begins the breakdown
of food before it is swallowed, digestion
starts in the mouth and throat. Which of
the following systems aids most in this
early stage of digestion?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Immune system
Excretory system
Muscular system
Respiratory system