Download Biology 6 Study Guide – Exam #4

Biology 6 Study Guide – Exam #4
This is a list of general topics you should be prepared to answer questions on for each chapter. This guide
is NOT what you should study but rather is a guide to help organize your studying of the material listed.
Your actual studying should involve the textbook, Powerpoint slides, your notes and other supplemental
material such as Mastering Biology. Keep in mind that you will not be tested on material in the book that
was not covered in class, and should know all of the key terms at the end of the Powerpoint slides for each
chapter. Most important, if you have trouble understanding anything, come to my office hour or see a tutor
ASAP. Once you feel like you understand the material in a given chapter, be sure to test yourself using the
chapter questions, Mastering Biology, the sample questions on this study guide, or coming up with your
own. If you put in the time and effort and use all the resources available to you, I’m confident you all can
perform very well on the exam.
Chapter 9 (Cellular Respiration and Fermentation)
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the overall purpose of cellular respiration
the structure of mitochondria
oxidation/reduction with regard to H’s
substrate-level vs oxidative phosphorylation and when each occurs
the general process and products of glycolysis
what happens in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA before entering the citric acid cycle
the general process and products of the citric acid cycle
the process, purpose of electron transport and the role of oxygen as the final electron acceptor
ATP synthesis by chemiosmosis
the location in the cell of each step in respiration
the roles of electron carriers (NADH, FADH2), electron transport, H+ gradient in respiration
how molecules other than glucose are used in respiration
the flow of energy in cellular respiration – from H’s to H+ gradient to ATP
the basic process, purpose and various products of fermentation
sample questions:
1. Explain how fermentation aids the production of ATP.
2. Describe how ATP synthase produces ATP in relation to chemiosmosis.
Chapters 10 (Photosynthesis)
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the overall products of photosynthesis
how photosynthesis compares to respiration
the structure of chloroplasts
where in chloroplasts the light reactions and the Calvin cycle occur
the basic steps of the “light” reactions and how ATP and NADPH are produced
o the structure and function of photosystems
o electron transport and chemiosmosis
o the role of splitting water
o the light absorbing pigments – chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids
the type of light energy absorbed during photosynthesis and how it is captured, transferred
the basic process of the Calvin cycle
o carbon fixation, the reduction phase, regeneration of the CO 2 acceptor
o the roles of key molecules in the Calvin cycle
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 ribulose bisphosphate
 rubisco
 glyceraldehye-3- phosphate (G3P)
how plants in arid climates improve the efficiency of carbon fixation to conserve water
sample questions:
1. Describe the role of photosystem II in converting light energy to energy stored in ATP
2. How does the C4 pathway of carbon fixation allow a plant to conserve water?
Chapter 11 (Cell Communication)
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the general types of cell signaling (endocrine, paracrine, autocrine)
the basic stages in cell signaling
signaling via G proteins
signaling via receptor tyrosine kinases
signaling via gated ion channels
signaling via steroid hormone receptors
the roles of 2nd messengers (cAMP, IP3, Ca2+)
the roles of the enzymes Phospolipase C, adenylyl cyclase in signal transduction
the concepts of a phosphorylation cascade, signal amplification
how cell signaling can lead to programmed cell death (apoptosis)
sample questions:
1. How does steroid hormone signaling differ from other modes of signaling?
2. How does a receptor tyrosine kinase transmit a signal once it binds to its ligand?
Chapter 43 (The Immune System)
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features of innate vs adaptive immunity
basic function of cells, organs of the immune system
process of phagocytosis, cells that are phagocytes
functions of various antimicrobial substances: complement, TLRs, etc
events in local inflammatory responses
native vs processed antigen, B cell and T cell receptors
the structure of an antibody molecule
the different roles of antibodies
APCs and antigen presentation on MHC class I and MHC class II molecules
o how endogenous processed antigen is presented on MHC class I in all cells
o how exogenous processed antigen is presented on MHC class II in APCs
concepts of clonal expansion, clonal deletion
what happens to a B or T cell that is activated
functions of helper T cells (CD4+) and cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ - CTLs or “killer” T cells)
o the roles the TH1 and TH2 helper cells in adaptive immune responses
o how cytotoxic T cells cause the death of infected cells
humoral vs cellular immune responses
class switching in B cells
primary vs secondary immune responses
B cell and T cell memory
the nature of allergic responses and autoimmunity
sample questions:
1. Compare antigen recognition by T cells and B cells.
2. What are memory cells and how are they produced?
Extra Credit Article
Peacekeepers of the Immune System, Scientific American October 2006 by Zoltan Fehervari and Shimon
Sakaguchi, pp. 56-63.