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SC235 – General Biology I: Human Perspectives
UNIT 5 SEMINAR:
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Evelyn I. Milian
Instructor
2011
SC235 – General Biology I. Unit 5 Seminar: Rheumatoid Arthritis
INTRODUCTION: Joints
 Joint = Articulation =
Arthrosis
 A joint is a point of
contact between bones,
cartilage and bones, or
teeth and bones.
 The joints of the skeletal
system hold bones
together and allow
movement and flexibility.
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SC235 – General Biology I. Unit 5 Seminar: Rheumatoid Arthritis
Joint Classifications
 Structural classification: based on their anatomical
characteristics.
 Fibrous (fibrous connective tissue), cartilaginous
(cartilage), synovial (synovial cavity & articular capsule)
 Functional classification: based on the type of
movement they permit.
 Synarthrosis (immovable), amphiarthrosis
(semimovable), diarthrosis (freely movable)
 Some examples of joints:
 Sutures uniting bones of the skull, shoulder joint, elbow
joint, wrist joint, intercarpal joints (fingers), intervertebral
joints, hip joint, knee joint, ankle joint
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SC235 – General Biology I. Unit 5 Seminar: Rheumatoid Arthritis
Examples of Joints
 Suture: Fibrous joint composed
of a thin layer of dense fibrous
connective tissue that unites
bones of the skull.
 Immovable (synarthrosis).
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 Shoulder joint (humeroscapular
or glenohumeral joint): Ball-andsocket joint between the humerus
and the scapula.
 It has more freedom of movement
than any other joint of the body.
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SC235 – General Biology I. Unit 5 Seminar: Rheumatoid Arthritis
Examples of Joints
 Elbow joint: hinge joint
between the humerus, the
ulna, and the radius.
 Allows flexion and extension
of the forearm.
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 Hip (coxal) joint: ball-andsocket joint between the
femur and the hip bone.
 It’s very strong and stable.
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SC235 – General Biology I. Unit 5 Seminar: Rheumatoid Arthritis
Examples of Joints: Knee Joint (Tibiofemoral Joint)
 The knee joint (tibiofemoral joint) is the largest and most complex
joint of the body, consisting of three joints within a single synovial
cavity. It is a joint between the femur, the tibia and the patella.
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SC235 – General Biology I. Unit 5 Seminar: Rheumatoid Arthritis
Examples of Movements at Synovial Joints
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SC235 – General Biology I. Unit 5 Seminar: Rheumatoid Arthritis
Examples of Movements at Joints
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SC235 – General Biology I. Unit 5 Seminar: Rheumatoid Arthritis
Examples of Special Movements at Synovial Joints
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SC235 – General Biology I. Unit 5 Seminar: Rheumatoid Arthritis
FIELD TRIP!!!
 Emedicinehealth:
Rheumatoid Arthritis
http://www.emedicinehealth.com/rh
eumatoid_arthritis/article_em.htm
 WebMD; Rheumatoid
Arthritis Overview:
http://www.webmd.com/rheumatoid
-arthritis/default.htm
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DISORDERS: Rheumatism and Arthritis
 Rheumatism
 Any painful disorder of the supporting structures of the body—bones,
joints, ligaments, tendons, or muscles—not caused by infection or injury.
 Arthritis = Inflammation of joints
 A group of rheumatic diseases in which synovial joints are swollen,
stiff, and painful. Arthritis always involve damage to the articular
cartilages, but the specific cause can vary. The diseases of arthritis are
usually classified as either degenerative or inflammatory.
 Osteoarthritis (OA; “wear-and-tear” arthritis)
 A degenerative joint disease in which joint cartilage is gradually lost.
 It results from a combination of aging, irritation of the joints, and wear
and abrasion.
 It is characterized by deterioration of articular cartilage and bone spur
formation; usually non-inflammatory.
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SC235 – General Biology I. Unit 5 Seminar: Rheumatoid Arthritis
What is Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)?
 Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease
characterized by inflammation of the joints (primarily
of the synovial membrane), which causes swelling, pain,
and loss of function.
 Autoimmune diseases are disorders that result from the
immune system mistakenly attacking its own cells and
tissues, in this case its own cartilage and joint linings.
 Usually, this form of arthritis occurs bilaterally: on the left and
right sides of the body, although often not to the same degree.
 The exact cause of rheumatoid arthritis is not known.
 Allergies, bacteria, viruses, and genetic factors have all been
proposed as contributing to or triggering the destructive
inflammation.
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SC235 – General Biology I. Unit 5 Seminar: Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis is an Autoimmune Disease
 The immune system is a
complicated network of cells
and cell components that
normally defend the body and
eliminate bacterial, viral, and
other pathogenic infections.
 In an autoimmune response,
the immune system mistakenly
attacks the body’s own cells,
tissues and organs.
 In RA, the attack affects
cartilage in the joints. Using
what you have learned about
the immune response, what
symptoms would you predict?
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SC235 – General Biology I. Unit 5 Seminar: Rheumatoid Arthritis
Symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis
 Inflammation of the synovial membrane. If untreated, the membrane
thickens, and synovial fluid accumulates.
 Pain and tenderness due to resulting pressure.
 The membrane then produces an abnormal granulation tissue, called
pannus, that adheres to the surface of the articular cartilage and sometimes
erodes the cartilage completely.
 Fibrous tissue joins exposed bone ends, ossifies and fuses to the joint and
it becomes immovable—the ultimate crippling effect of rheumatoid arthritis.
 Distortion of fingers due to the growth of granulation tissue.
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SC235 – General Biology I. Unit 5 Seminar: Rheumatoid Arthritis
Symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis
 Inflammation
 Pain, swelling, warmth
 Stiffness
 Rheumatoid nodules
 Disability: Progression of the disease
results in deformities and loss of
function of tissues
 Some complications can occur as
the disease progresses, affecting
organs such as the heart, lungs and
kidneys.
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SC235 – General Biology I. Unit 5 Seminar: Rheumatoid Arthritis
Diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis
 Symptoms and physical exam
 Radiography (X-rays)
 Blood tests: immunological test
to detect rheumatoid factor (RF),
a nonspecific autoantibody
(antibody directed against the
individual’s own tissues).
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SC235 – General Biology I. Unit 5 Seminar: Rheumatoid Arthritis
What are the Treatments for Rheumatoid Arthritis?
 Treatments alleviate symptoms
and/or modify the disease process
 Medications:
 Analgesics: painkillers
 Anti-inflammatory drugs: including
NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs) and corticosteroids to suppress
the symptoms
 Immunosuppresive drugs / disease-
modifying anti-rheumatic drugs:
inhibit or halt immune process including
inflammation; reduce rate of damage to
bone and cartilage
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SC235 – General Biology I. Unit 5 Seminar: Rheumatoid Arthritis
What are the Treatments for Rheumatoid Arthritis?
 Physical therapy and nutritional
therapy:
 May alleviate symptoms, but do not
prevent joint damage or slow the
disease progression.
 Surgery:
 Synovectomy: Removal of inflammed
synovial membrane; prevents quick
destruction of joints.
 Joint replacement surgery for
severely affected joints.
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SC235 – General Biology I. Unit 5 Seminar: Rheumatoid Arthritis
Epidemiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis
 Onset is most frequent between the ages of 40 and 50, but
people of any age can be affected.
 Prevalent in around 1 percent of the adult population.
 1 in 1,000 children under age 16 show signs of juvenile
rheumatoid arthritis.
 More prevalent in Caucasians and some North American native
tribes than in African Americans, Chinese and Japanese.
 Women affected 3-5 times more often than men.
 Up to three times more common in smokers than non-smokers.
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SC235 – General Biology I. Unit 5 Seminar: Rheumatoid Arthritis
Questions???
 Air Quality Lab Project due Tuesday by the end of Unit 5.
 Detailed instructions posted in Doc Sharing; see also
my announcement in the Course Home page.
 Summary of main parts (in Microsoft Word):
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1.
Introduction
2.
Table of detailed observations of filter for each week
3.
Analysis of your original hypothesis comparing it with
your results; answer questions in lab instructions
4.
Substantial letter to your government representative
5.
References to back up your work (at least 3)
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SC235 – General Biology I. Unit 5 Seminar: Rheumatoid Arthritis
Example of Data Chart for Lab Project 2 – Air Pollution Assessment
Date &
Time
Temperature
Weather
Conditions
Condition
of Filter
Unique Items
or Particles
Stuck on
Filter
Details about
Location and
Other
Comments
Materials:
• Coffee filter, Vaseline Petroleum Jelly,
string or fishing wire, hole-puncher or
scissors
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SC235 – General Biology I. Unit 5 Seminar: Rheumatoid Arthritis
References
 Audesirk, Teresa; Audesirk, Gerald & Byers, Bruce E. (2005). Biology: Life
on Earth. Seventh Edition. Pearson Education, Inc.-Prentice Hall. NJ, USA.
 Campbell, Neil A.; Reece, Jane B., et al. (2008). Biology. Eighth Edition.
Pearson Education, Inc.-Pearson Benjamin Cummings. CA, USA.
 Cowan, Marjorie Kelly; Talaro, Kathleen Park. (2009). Microbiology A
Systems Approach. Second Edition. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. NY, USA.
www.mhhe.com/cowan2e
 Enger, Eldon D.; Ross, Frederick C.; Bailey, David B. (2007). Concepts in
Biology. Twelfth Edition. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. NY, USA.
 Ireland, K.A. (2011). Visualizing Human Biology. Second Edition. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. NJ, USA.
 Mader, Sylvia S. (2010). Biology. Tenth Edition. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
NY, USA.
 Martini, Frederic H.; Nath, Judi L. (2009). Fundamentals of Anatomy &
Physiology. Eighth Edition. Pearson Education, Inc. – Pearson Benjamin
Cummings. CA, USA.
 Tortora, Gerard J.; Derrickson, Bryan. (2006). Principles of Anatomy and
Physiology. Eleventh Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. NJ, USA.
www.wiley.com/college/apcentral.
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