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Transcript 
IMMUNE SYSTEM
Chapter 21
COMPONENTS
INNATE IMMUNITY
Innate Defenses

Surface Barriers
– Skin
– Mucous membranes
Innate Defenses

Chemical Barriers
– Mucus
– Lysozymes
Saliva
 Lacrimal fluid

– High acidity
Gastric juices
 Urine
 Vaginal secretions

– Sebum
Innate Defenses

Cellular Defenses
– Phagocytic cells

Macrophages or
Monocytes
– Free (alveolar)
– Fixed (Kupffer)
Neutrophils
 Dendritic cells

Phagocytic Mobilization







Alarm call
Vasodilation
Increased
permeability
Leukocytosis
Margination
Diapedesis
Chemotaxis
Phagocytic Mechanism


Adherence
Ingestion
– Phagosome

Digestion
– Lysosome
– Phagolysosome

Resolution
Innate Defenses

Cellular Defenses
– Phagocytes
– Inflammatory Cells
Mast Cells
 Basophils
 Eosinophils?

– Natural Killer Cells
Chemical Defenses
Inflammatory Response
Anti-microbial Agents

Interferons
Anti-microbial Agents

Interferons

Complement

Pyrogens
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
Adaptive Immunity

Specific

Systemic

Memory
Adaptive Defenses


Antigens = “self” versus “non-self”
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
– MHC I
– MHC II
Adaptive Defenses
Adaptive Defenses
Antibody-Mediated
Immunity

Also known as “humoral immunity”

Involves B lymphocytes

DIRECTLY recognizes antigen

B lymphocytes undergo clonal expansion
Clonal Expansion of B Cells
Primary and Secondary
Humoral Responses
Antibody Structure
Antibody Types
Antibody Types
Antibody Function
Active and Passive
Humoral Immunity
Cell-Mediated Immunity




Involves T lymphocytes
Cannot recognize antigen directly
Antigen must be presented by APC
T lymphocytes are more diverse:
Helper T cells
 Cytotoxic T cells
 Suppressor T cells
 Memory T cells

T-Cell Education
Cell-Mediated Immunity
Stimulation of TC cells
Cell-Mediated Immunity
Stimulation of TH cells
Co-Stimulation
Function of TC cells
Function of TC cells
Clonal Expansion of
T Cells
Summary of Components of
Adaptive Immunity
Summary of Components of
Adaptive Immunity
Homeostatic Imbalances

Organ transplant and tissue rejection
–
–
–
–

Autograft
Isograft
Allograft
Xenograft
Immunodeficiency
– Severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome
(SCID)
– Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
– Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Homeostatic Imbalances

Autoimmune diseases
– Multiple sclerosis
– Grave’s disease
– Type I diabetes
– Systemic lupus
– Myasthenia gravis
– Glomerulonephritis
– Rheumatoid arthritis
Homeostatic Imbalances

Hypersensitivities
– Immediate (Type I)
– Subacute


Cytotoxic (Types II)
Immune-complex
(Type III)
– Delayed (Type IV)
END CHAPTER 21
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