* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Regents Biology - Explore Biology
Survey
Document related concepts
Embryonic stem cell wikipedia , lookup
History of biology wikipedia , lookup
Cell culture wikipedia , lookup
Monoclonal antibody wikipedia , lookup
Organ-on-a-chip wikipedia , lookup
Artificial cell wikipedia , lookup
Hematopoietic stem cell wikipedia , lookup
Dictyostelium discoideum wikipedia , lookup
List of types of proteins wikipedia , lookup
Neuronal lineage marker wikipedia , lookup
Regeneration in humans wikipedia , lookup
Human embryogenesis wikipedia , lookup
State switching wikipedia , lookup
Microbial cooperation wikipedia , lookup
Polyclonal B cell response wikipedia , lookup
Adoptive cell transfer wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
phagocytic leukocyte “Fighting the Enemy Within” Immune System AP Biology lymphocytes attacking cancer cell lymph system 2006-2007 Avenues of attack Points of entry digestive system respiratory system urogenital tract break in skin Pathways for attack circulatory system lymph system Regents Biology Why an immune system? ___________________________________ lots of organisms want you for lunch! we are a tasty vitamin-packed meal cells are packages of macromolecules no cell wall ___________________________________ _____________________ HIV, flu, cold, measles, chicken pox, SARS _____________________ pneumonia, meningitis, tuberculosis _____________________ yeast _____________________ amoeba, Lyme disease, malaria ___________________________________ Regents Biology What’s for lunch?! How are invaders recognized? ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ “self” vs. “invader” one of your own cells disease-causing virus disease-causing bacteria antigens say: “I belong here” antigens say: “I am an invader” antigens say: “I am an invader” Regents Biology Lines of defense ____________________________ broad, external defense “walls & moats” ____________________________ ____________________________ broad, internal defense “patrolling soldiers” ____________________________ ____________________________ specific, acquired immunity “elite trained units” ____________________________ Regents Biology B & T cells 1st line: Physical Barriers non-specific defense external barrier ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ____________________ ____________________ respiratory system digestive system urinary system genitals Regents Biology Lining of trachea: ciliated cells & mucus secreting cells 1st line: Chemical barriers on skin Skin & mucus membrane secretions ____________________ pH 3-5 ____________________ pH 2 ____________________ washing action ____________________ traps microbes ____________________ anti-bacterial = “lick your wounds” anti-microbial proteins lysozyme digests bacterial cell walls Regents Biology 2nd: Generalist, broad range patrols Patrolling ________________________ __________________________________ _____________________________________ surface name tag phagocyte cells ____________________ “big eaters” Regents Biology Macrophage “eating” bacteria Lymph system Production of white blood cells & traps “foreign” invaders lymph vessels (intertwined amongst blood vessels) Regents Biology 2nd “circulatory” system lymph node Phagocytes macrophage bacteria white blood cells that eat macrophage Regents Biology yeast Why do injuries swell? Inflammation injured cells release chemical signals Pin or splinter histamines increases blood flow brings more white blood cells to fight bacteria brings more red blood cells & clotting factors to repair Regents Biology Bacteria Blood clot Swelling Chemical alarm signals Phagocytes Blood vessel Fever When a local response is not enough full body response to infection raises body temperature higher temperature helps in defense slows growth of germs helps macrophages speeds up repair of tissues Regents Biology 3rd line: Lymphocytes Specific defense responds to specific invaders recognizes specific foreign antigens ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ Regents Biology B cell B cells & antibodies ___________________________ white blood cells that attack invaders in blood mature in Bone marrow Plasma B cells ____________________________________ Memory B cells ____________________________________ can make antibodies quickly the next time protects you from getting disease more than once Regents Biology Antibodies Proteins made by B cells that tag invaders in the blood so macrophages can eat them tag says “this is an invader” gotcha! __________________________________ B cells releasing antibodies Y Y Y Y Y Y Y invading germs tagged with antibodies Regents Biology Y Y Y Y Y Y macrophage eating tagged invaders Y B cells immune response Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y “reserves” Y YY Y Y Y Y Y memory B cells Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y recognition B cells Y Y Y Y Y Y B cells release antibodies patrol blood forever Y Y Y Y Y Y Y (foreign antigen) Y Y Y invader Y Y 10 to 17 days Y Y Y Regents Biology Y Y Vaccinations ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ rapid response if future exposure Most successful against viral diseases Regents Biology 1914 – 1995 Jonas Salk Developed first vaccine against polio April 12, 1955 Regents Biology Polio epidemics 1994: Americas polio free Regents Biology Protecting you from disease Vaccinations advantage don’t get illness long term immunity produce antibodies for life works against many viruses & bacteria IMPORTANT PROTECTION disadvantage not possible against all invaders antibodies pass from mother to Breastfeeding baby in breast milk mother’s milk gives baby Regents Biology antibodies & keeps baby healthy What if the attacker gets past the B cells in the blood & infects some of your cells? You need trained assassins to kill off these infected cells! T AP Biology Attack of the Killer T cells! 2006-2007 T cells T cells mature in Thymus Helper T cells sounds the alarm for rest of immune system Killer T cells _____________________________ Memory T cells remembers invader & reacts against it again quickly Where’s that? Regents Biology Thymus Regents Biology Attack of the Killer T cells __________________________________ T cell binds to invaded cell secretes perforating protein punctures cell membrane of infected cell cell bursts Killer T cell Vesicle Cell membrane Perforin punctures cell membrane Cell membrane Regents Biology Invaded cell Immune response invader skin Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Regents Biology Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y invaders infect cells Y Y invaders in blood skin Protecting you from disease _____________________________ advantage kill bacteria that have successfully invaded you make you well after being sick disadvantage use only after sick only good against bacteria possible development of resistance by bacteria (if don’t use correctly) can get sick again Regents Biology Immune system malfunctions __________________________ immune system attacks own cells lupus antibodies attack many different body cells rheumatoid arthritis antibodies causing damage to cartilage & bone diabetes beta-islet cells of pancreas attacked & destroyed multiple sclerosis T cells attack myelin sheath of Regents Biology brain & spinal cord nerves Immune system malfunctions Allergies ___________________________________ allergens proteins on pollen proteins from dust mites proteins in animal saliva body mistakenly thinks they are attackers Regents Biology Diseases of the immune system HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus __________________________ helper T cells can’t activate rest of immune system body doesn’t hear the alarm AIDS: Acquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome __________________________ __________________________ death usually from other invading diseases or cancer Regents Biology How to protect yourself… Regents Biology It’s safe to ask Questions! AP Biology 2006-2007