Download THE BLOOD AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 9
Blood and Lymphatic Systems
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Blood System Overview
• Blood transports oxygen and nutrients to
body cells
• Blood removes carbon dioxide and other
waste products from body cells for
elimination
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Composition of Blood
• Plasma
– 90 percent water = liquid portion of blood
• Transports cellular elements of blood throughout circulatory
system
– Remaining portion = solutes
• Electrolytes, proteins, fats, glucose, bilirubin, and gases
• Most abundant solutes are plasma proteins: albumins, globulins,
and fibrinogen
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Composition of Blood
• Solid components
– Formed elements = cells + cell fragments
• Erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes
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Plasma Proteins
• Albumins
– Constitute about 60 percent of the plasma proteins
– Help maintain normal blood volume and blood pressure
– Help to maintain balance between fluid in the blood and
fluid in the interstitial tissues
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Plasma Proteins
• Globulins
– Constitute approximately 36 percent of plasma proteins
– Alpha and beta globulins transport lipids (fats) and fatsoluble vitamins in blood
– Gamma globulins are antibodies and function in
immunity
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Plasma Proteins
• Fibrinogen
– Constitutes approximately 4 percent of plasma proteins
– Largest of plasma proteins
– Essential in process of blood clotting
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Question
True or False: The blood has 2 main
components: plasma and proteins.
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Blood Cells
• Erythrocytes
– Known as red blood cells (RBC)
• Tiny biconcave-shaped disks
• Thinner in center than around edges
• No nucleus in mature red blood cell
– Average life span = approximately 120 days
– Main component = hemoglobin
– Primary function = transport oxygen to cells of body
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Blood Cells
• Leukocytes
– Known as white blood cells (WBC)
• Larger than erythrocytes, but fewer in number
• Mature WBC has a nucleus; does not have hemoglobin
– Two categories = granulocytes + agranulocytes
• Granulocytes have granules in their cytoplasm
• Agranulocytes have no granules in their cytoplasm
• Five different types of leukocytes within the categories
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Granulocytes
• Neutrophils
–
–
–
–
Constitute approximately 60 to 70 percent of all WBCs
Have multi-lobed nuclei
Phagocytic in nature
Do not absorb acid or base dye well
• Remain fairly neutral color
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Granulocytes
• Eosinophils
–
–
–
–
Constitute approximately 2 to 4 percent of all WBCs
Have a nucleus with two lobes
Increase in number in response to allergic reactions
Stain a red, rosy color with an acid dye
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Granulocytes
• Basophils
–
–
–
–
–
Constitute less than 1 percent of all WBCs
Have a nucleus with two lobes
Secrete histamine during allergic reactions
Secrete heparin, a natural anticoagulant
Stain a dark blue with a base dye
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Agranulocytes
• Monocytes
–
–
–
–
Constitute approximately 3 to 8 percent of all WBCs
Largest of all white blood cells
Have a kidney bean-shaped nucleus
Phagocytic in nature
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Agranulocytes
• Lymphocytes
–
–
–
–
–
Constitute approximately 20 to 25 percent of all WBCs
Have a large spherical-shaped nucleus
Play important role in immune process
Some lymphocytes are phagocytic
Other lymphocytes produce antibodies
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Cell Fragments
• Thrombocytes
– Small, disc-shaped fragments of very large cells called
megakaryocytes
– Also known as platelets
– Contain no hemoglobin
– Essential for normal clotting of blood
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Question
Why would an erythrocyte not have a nucleus?
a. It is still an immature cell.
b. It needs maximum room to carry oxygen to the body's
cells.
c. It is a rare mutation but otherwise is present.
d. Hemoglobin already has one.
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Blood Types
• Blood Type A
– Has A-antigen present on RBC
– Has Anti-B antibody present in plasma
• Blood Type B
– Has B-antigen present on RBC
– Has Anti-A antibody present in plasma
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Blood Types
• Blood Type AB
– Has AB-antigens present on RBC
– Has no antibodies present in plasma
• Blood Type O
– Has no antigens present on RBC
– Has both Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies present in
plasma
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Terms Related to Blood Transfusions
• Donor
– Person who gives blood
• Recipient
– Person who receives blood
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Terms Related to Blood Transfusions
• Universal donor blood
– Type O
– No A antigens or B antigens present on its RBCs
• Universal recipient blood
– Type AB
– No Anti-A or Anti-B antigens present in its plasma
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Rh Factor
• Rh positive (Rh+)
– Rh antigen is present on the RBC
• Rh negative (Rh-)
– Rh antigen not present on the RBC
• Concern: Rh- blood being exposed to Rh+ blood via transfusion
• Concern: Rh- mother giving birth to Rh+ baby and blood mixes
during birth process
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Blood Clotting
• Clotting of blood = coagulation
– Injury to blood vessel creates roughened area in vessel
– Platelets come in contact with rough spot and disintegrate
• Release substance called thromboplastin
– Thromboplastin converts prothrombin into thrombin
• In presence of calcium ions and other clotting factors
– Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin
• Fibrin threads form a mesh that forms the clot
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Question
The Red Cross loves to call a person with this
blood type:
a.
b.
c.
d.
A
B
AB
O
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PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
The Blood
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Anemia
• Pronounced
– (an-NEE-mee-ah)
• Defined
– Deficiency of oxygen being delivered to cells due to
decrease in quantity of hemoglobin or red blood cells
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Anemia
• Similarities in all types of anemia
–
–
–
–
Fatigue
Paleness of skin
Headache
Fainting
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Anemia
• Similarities in all types of anemia
–
–
–
–
Tingling sensations and numbness
Loss of appetite
Swelling in lower extremities
Difficulty breathing
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Aplastic Anemia
• Pronounced
– (ah-PLAST-ik an-NEE-mee-ah)
• Defined
– Form of anemia characterized by pancytopenia, an
inadequacy of all the formed blood elements (RBCs,
WBCs, platelets)
– Also known as “bone marrow depression anemia”
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Hemolytic Anemia
• Pronounced
– (he-moh-LIT-ik an-NEE-mee-ah)
• Defined
– Form of anemia characterized by the extreme reduction
in circulating RBCs due to their destruction
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Iron Deficiency Anemia
• Pronounced
– (EYE-urn dee-FIH-shen-see an-NEEmee-ah)
• Defined
– Anemia that is characterized by deficiency of
hemoglobin level due to a lack of iron in the body
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Pernicious Anemia
• Pronounced
– (per-NISH-us an-NEE-mee-ah)
• Defined
– Form of anemia resulting from a deficiency of mature
RBCs and the formation and circulation of megaloblasts,
with marked poikilocytosis and anisocytosis
• Distorted RBCs due to lack of vitamin B12 absorption necessary
for maturation of RBCs
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Sickle Cell Anemia
• Pronounced
– (SIKL SELL an-NEE-mee-ah)
• Defined
– Chronic hereditary form of hemolytic anemia in which
RBCs become crescent-shaped in presence of low oxygen
concentration
• Crescent-shaped RBCs clump together forming thromboses which
occlude small blood vessels, causing much pain for the individual
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Question
True or False: The breakdown of anemia is an
= without, -emia = blood condition (noun
form).
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Granulocytosis
• Pronounced
– (gran-yew-loh-sigh-TOH-sis)
• Defined
– Abnormally elevated number of granulocytes in the
circulating blood as a reaction to any variety of
inflammation or infection
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Hemochromatosis
• Pronounced
– (hee-moh-kroh-mah-TOH-sis)
• Defined
– Rare iron metabolism disease characterized by iron
deposits throughout the body
– Usually as a complication of one of the hemolytic anemias
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Hemophilia
• Pronounced
– (hee-moh-FILL-ee-ah)
• Defined
– Hereditary inadequacies of coagulation factors resulting
in prolonged bleeding times
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Hemophilia
• Hemophilia A
– Also called classic hemophilia
– Result of a deficiency or absence of antihemophilic
factor VIII
• Deficiency results in traumatic or spontaneous bleeding
– Characterized by bleeding in joints, gums, or mouth
– Hematuria is a common characteristic
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Hemophilia
• Hemophilia B
– Also called Christmas disease
– Result of deficiency of a coagulation factor called factor
IX
– Only distinguishable from hemophilia A through
laboratory differentiation of factor deficiencies
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Leukemia
• Pronounced
– (loo-KEE-mee-ah)
• Defined
– Excessive uncontrolled increase of immature WBCs in
the blood, eventually leading to infection, anemia, and
thrombocytopenia
• Course of leukemia is subclassified as acute or chronic
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Leukemia
• Acute leukemia
– Rapid onset
– Swiftly progresses to severe thrombocytopenia,
progressive anemia, infective lesions in throat and
mouth, high fever, and severe infection
• Chronic leukemia
– Gradual onset
– Progression slower than with acute form
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Leukemia
• Classifications of leukemia
– AML
• Acute myelogenous leukemia
– ALL
• Acute lymphocytic leukemia
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Leukemia
• Classifications of leukemia
– CML
• Chronic myelogenous leukemia
– CLL
• Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
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Question
True or False: Granulocytosis is an
overreaction by the WBCs with granules to
inflammation and infection.
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Multiple Myeloma (Plasma Cell
Myeloma)
• Pronounced
– (MULL-tih-pl my-eh-LOH-mah)
• Defined
– Malignant plasma cell neoplasm causing an increase in
the number of both mature and immature plasma cells
• Often entirely replaces the bone marrow and destroys the
skeletal structure
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Polycythemia Vera
• Pronounced
– (pol-ee-sigh-THEE-mee-ah VAIR-ah)
• Defined
– Abnormal increase in the number of RBCs, granulocytes,
and thrombocytes leading to an increase in blood volume
and viscosity
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Purpura
• Pronounced
– (PURR-pew-rah)
• Defined
– Collection of blood beneath the skin in the form of
pinpoint hemorrhages appearing as red-purple skin
discolorations
• Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura = antibodies formed by the
individual that destroy his/her own platelets
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Thalassemia
• Pronounced
– (thal-ah-SEE-mee-ah)
• Defined
– Hereditary form of hemolytic anemia in which the
production of hemoglobin is deficient, creating
hypochromic microcytic RBCs
• Alpha or beta hemoglobin chains are defective
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DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, TREATMENTS,
AND PROCEDURES
The Blood
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Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments,
and Procedures
• Direct antiglobulin test (Coomb’s test)
– Blood test used to discover the presence of
antierythrocyte antibodies present in the blood of an Rhnegative woman
• Production of these antibodies is associated with an Rh
incompatibility between a pregnant Rh-negative woman and her
Rh-positive fetus
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Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments,
and Procedures
• Bleeding time
– Measurement of the time required for bleeding to stop
• Blood transfusion
– Administration of blood or a blood component to an
individual to replace blood lost through surgery, trauma,
or disease
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Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments,
and Procedures
• Bone marrow biopsy
– Microscopic exam of bone marrow tissue, which fully
evaluates hematopoiesis by revealing the number, shape,
and size of the RBCs, WBCs, and platelet precursors
• Bone samples are obtained through aspiration or surgical
removal
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Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments,
and Procedures
• Bone marrow transplant
– Donor’s bone marrow cells are infused intravenously
into the recipient
• After recipient receives an infusion of aggressive chemotherapy
or total-body irradiation to destroy all malignant cells and to
inactivate the immune system
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Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments,
and Procedures
• Complete blood cell count (CBC)
– Series of tests performed on peripheral blood, which
inexpensively screens for problems in the hematologic
system as well as several other organ systems
– CBC includes:
• RBC count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, RBC indices, WBC count,
WBC differential, blood smear, platelet count
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Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments,
and Procedures
• Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
– Test performed on blood, which measures the rate at
which red blood cells settle out in a tube of unclotted
blood
• ESR is determined by measuring the settling distance of RBCs
in normal saline over one hour
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Question
When a blood transfusion is autologous, it
means:
a.
b.
c.
d.
it came from the patient.
it came from a family member.
the blood is compatible with the patient.
it passes from the donor to the recipient in real time.
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Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments,
and Procedures
• Hematocrit
– Assessment of RBC percentage in total blood volume
• Hemoglobin test
– Concentration measurement of hemoglobin in peripheral
blood
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Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments,
and Procedures
• Lipid profile
– Measurement of the lipids in the blood
• Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
– Blood test used to evaluate the common pathway and
system of clot formation within the blood
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Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments,
and Procedures
• Platelet count
– Blood test that provides the count of platelets per cubic
millimeter of blood
• Prothrombin time (PT)
– Blood test used to evaluate common pathway and
extrinsic system of clot formation
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Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments,
and Procedures
• Red blood cell count (RBC)
– Measurement of the circulating number of RBCs in 1
mm3 of peripheral blood
• Red blood cell morphology
– Examination of the RBC on a stained blood smear that
enables the examiner to identify the form and shape of
the RBCs
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Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments,
and Procedures
• Reticulocyte count
– Measurement of the number of circulating reticulocytes
(immature erythrocytes) in a blood specimen
• Rouleaux
– Aggregation of RBCs viewed through the microscope
that may be an artifact, or may occur with persons with
multiple myeloma as a result of abnormal proteins
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Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments,
and Procedures
• Schilling test
– Diagnostic analysis for pernicious anemia
• White blood cell count (WBC)
– Measurement of the circulating number of WBCs in 1
mm3 of peripheral blood
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Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments,
and Procedures
• White blood cell differential
– Measurement of the percentage of each specific type of
circulating WBCs present in 1 mm3 of peripheral blood
drawn for the WBC count
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Question
What collective test takes care of evaluating
RBCs, WBCs, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and
platelet count?
a.
b.
c.
d.
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
complete blood count
bone marrow biopsy
Schilling test
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Lymphatic System
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Lymphatic System Overview
• Lymphatic system functions to produce
antibodies and lymphocytes important to
immunity
• Lymphatic system also functions to maintain
a balance of fluid in the internal environment
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Lymphatic System Overview
• Lymphatic system
– Lymph fluid
• Stems from the blood and tissue fluid
– Lymph vessels
• Similar to blood vessels – designed to return tissue fluid to
bloodstream
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Lymphatic System Overview
• Lymphatic system
– Lymph nodes
• Located along path of collecting vessels
– Lymphatic organs
• Thymus, spleen, and tonsils
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Lymphatic System Overview
• How lymph vessels differ from blood vessels
– Lymph vessels do not form a closed circuit as does the
cardiovascular system
– Lymph vessels originate in intercellular spaces of soft
tissues of the body
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Lymphatic System Overview
• Important part of the immune system
– Immune system consists of:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Bone marrow
Thymus
Lymphoid tissues
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Lymphatic vessels
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Question
True or False: The lymphatic system is not
involved in cell production.
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Lymph Vessels
• Lymph capillaries
– Smallest lymphatic vessels
– Originate in tissue spaces as blind-ended sacs
– Capillaries pick up accumulated interstitial fluid and
return it to the blood
– Fluid inside the lymphatic vessels is known as lymph
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Lymph Vessels
• Lymph vessels
–
–
–
–
Larger than capillaries
Receive lymph from lymphatic capillaries
Valves prevent backward flow of fluid
Transport fluid in only one direction
• Away from the tissues toward the thoracic cavity
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Lymph Vessels
• Lymphatic ducts
– Only points of entry of lymph into blood vessels of body
– Right lymphatic duct
• Receives lymph drainage from right side of head and neck
• Also receives lymph drainage from right upper extremity and
right side of chest
• Empties into right subclavian vein
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Lymph Vessels
• Lymphatic ducts
– Thoracic duct
• Receives lymph drainage from remaining regions of the body
• Empties into left subclavian vein
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Lymph Nodes
• Collections of lymphatic tissue
• Also called lymph glands
• Located at intervals along course of lymphatic
system vessels
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Lymph Nodes
• Lymph passes through stationary lymph
nodes
– Old, dead cells and bacteria present in lymph are filtered
out
– Macrophages engulf and destroy any bacteria present
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Thymus
• Located in mediastinum
• Secretes thymosin – stimulates red bone
marrow to produce T lymphocytes
– T cells important in immune response
– T cells mature in the thymus
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Spleen
• Located in upper left quadrant of abdomen,
just below diaphragm, behind stomach
• Largest lymphatic organ in the body
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Spleen
• Plays an important role in the immune
response
– Filters blood
– Macrophages of spleen remove pathogens from
circulating blood
– Macrophages also remove old red blood cells from
circulation
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Tonsils
• Masses of lymphatic tissue
• Located in protective ring, just under the
mucous membrane
• Surround the mouth and back of the throat
• Serve as first line of defense from the
external environment
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Tonsils
• Three groups
– Pharyngeal tonsils or adenoids
• Located near opening of the nasal cavity into pharynx (throat)
– Palatine tonsils
• Located on each side of the throat, near opening of oral cavity
into pharynx
• Commonly known as ‘the tonsils’
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Tonsils
• Three groups
– Lingual tonsils
• Located near the base of the tongue
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Question
The lymph capillaries pass interstitial fluid to
the blood capillaries, but there are ducts
connecting the lymph vessels with the blood
vessels. How many are there?
a.
b.
c.
d.
2
8
14
20
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Immunity
• Natural
– Immunity with which we are born; genetic
• Acquired
– Body has developed ability to defend itself against a
specific agent
• Can occur as result of having had the particular disease
• Can be result of having received immunizations against a disease
• Can be passive acquired immunity or active acquired immunity
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Immunity
• Passive acquired immunity
– Acquired artificially by injecting antibodies into a
person’s body
– Protects person from a specific disease
– Short-lived immunity – lasts only a few weeks
– Example: gamma globulin
• Given to individuals exposed to viruses such as measles and
infectious hepatitis
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Immunity
• Active acquired immunity
– Acquired naturally as result of having had a disease
– Acquired artificially by being inoculated with a vaccine,
antigen, or toxoid
• Immunization = process of creating immunity to a specific
disease
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Immune Reaction
• Immune reaction = Immune response
– Defense mechanism of the body
• Produces antibodies to destroy invading antigens and malignancies
• Humoral immune response
– B lymphocytes come in contact with specific invading
antigens
• Produce antibodies known as immunoglobulins
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Immune Reaction
• Cell-mediated immune response
– T lymphocytes come in contact with specific invading
antigens
– T lymphocytes multiply rapidly and engulf and digest
the antigen
• Multiplication of cells produces memory cells
• Memory cells provide the body with resistance
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Hypersensitivity
• Abnormal condition characterized by an
excessive reaction to a particular stimulus
• Body’s immune system fails to protect itself
against foreign material
• Allergic reaction is triggered by an allergen
– Examples of allergens:
• Ingested foods, penicillin and other antibiotics, grass, ragweed
pollen, and bee or wasp stings
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Hypersensitivity
• Hypersensitive reactions
– Local reaction
• Occurs at the site where treatment or medication was administered
– Systemic reaction
• Evidenced by generalized body symptoms such as runny nose,
itchy eyes, hives, and rashes
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Hypersensitivity
• Hypersensitive reactions
– Anaphylactic shock
• Also known as anaphylaxis
• Antigen-antibody reaction stimulates a massive secretion of
histamine
• Example causes:
– Insect stings, contrast media containing iodide, aspirin, antitoxins
prepared with animal serum, allergens used in testing
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Question
True or False: Memory cells are not that
important to immunity and just end up being
“leftover” cells after an immune response.
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PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
Lymphatic System
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Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome (AIDS)
• Pronounced
– (acquired ih-mew-noh-dee-FIH-shen-see SIN-drohm)
• Defined
– Clinical conditions that destroy the body’s immune
system in the last or final phase of a human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, which primarily
damages helper T-cell lymphocytes with CD4 receptors
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Cytomegalovirus
• Pronounced
– (sigh-toh-meg-ah-loh-VY-rus)
• Defined
– Large species-specific, herpes-type virus with a wide
variety of disease effects
– Causes serious illness in persons with AIDS, in
newborns, and in individuals who are being treated with
immunosuppressive drugs
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Hypersensitivity
• Pronounced
– (high-per-sens-sih-TIV-ih-tee)
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Hypersensitivity
• Defined
– Tissue damage resulting from exaggerated immune
responses
•
•
•
•
IgE-mediated type I hypersensitivity response
Cytoxic type II hypersensitivity reaction
Immune complex-mediated type III sensitivity response
Delayed type IV hypersensitivity response
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Hypersplenism
• Pronounced
– (high-per-SPLEN-izm)
• Defined
– Syndrome involving a deficiency of one or more types of
blood cells and an enlarged spleen
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Kaposi’s Sarcoma
• Pronounced
– (KAP-oh-seez sar-KOH-mah)
• Defined
– Locally destructive malignant neoplasm of the blood
vessels associated with AIDS, typically forming lesions
on the skin, visceral organs, or mucous membranes
• Lesions appear initially as tiny red to purple macules and evolve
into sizable nodules or plaques
Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Lymphoma
• Pronounced
– (LIM-foh-mah)
• Define
– A lymphoid tissue neoplasm that is typically malignant,
beginning with painless enlarged lymph node(s) and
progressing to anemia, weakness, fever, and weight loss
Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Lymphoma
• Burkitt’s lymphoma
– Malignant neoplasm in the jaw or abdomen and seen
chiefly in Central Africa
• Hodgkin’s disease
– Characterized by progressive, painless enlargement of a
malignant tumor of the lymph tissue in the lymph nodes
and spleen, typically noted first in the cervical region
Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Lymphoma
• Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
– Classification for any kind of malignant lymphoma
besides Hodgkin’s disease
– Includes histiocyte lymphoma and lymphocytic
lymphoma
Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Question
What condition would you NOT see with
AIDS?
a.
b.
c.
d.
cytomegalovirus
lymphoma
hypersensitivity
Kaposi's sarcoma
Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Mononucleosis
• Pronounced
– (mon-oh-noo-klee-OH-sis)
• Defined
– A benign, self-limiting acute infection of the B
lymphocytes
– Usually caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Myasthenia Gravis
• Pronounced
– (my-ass-THEE-nee-ah GRAV-is)
• Defined
– An autoimmune disease in which antibodies block or
destroy some acetylcholine receptor sites
– Results in muscle weakness
Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia (PCP)
• Pronounced
– (noo-moh-SIS-tis kah-rye-nee-eye
noo-MOH-nee-ah)
• Defined
– Pneumonia caused by a common worldwide parasite,
Pneumocystis carinii, for which people have immunity if
they are not severely immunocompromised
Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Sarcoidosis
• Pronounced
– (sar-koyd-OH-sis)
• Defined
– Systemic inflammatory disease resulting in the formation
of multiple small, rounded lesions (granulomas) in the
lungs, lymph nodes, eyes, liver, and other organs
Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
• Pronounced
– (sis-TEM-ik LOO-pus air-ih-them-ah-TOH-sus)
• Defined
– Inflammatory connective tissue disease, chronic in nature,
in which immune complexes are formed from the reaction
of SLE autoantibodies and their corresponding antigens
• These immune complexes are deposited in the connective tissues
of lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, and other tissues
Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, TREATMENTS,
AND PROCEDURES
Lymphatic System
Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments,
and Procedures
• Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA)
– Blood test used for screening for an antibody to the AIDS
virus
• Western blot
– Blood test to detect the presence of the antibodies to HIV,
the virus that causes AIDS
Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Diagnostic Techniques, Treatments,
and Procedures
• CT (CAT) scan
– Collection of x-ray images taken from various angles
following an injection of a contrast medium
• Lymphangiogram
– X-ray assessment of the lymphatic system following
injection of a contrast medium into the lymph vessels in
the hand or foot
Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Question
True or False: Contrast is needed when
imaging the lymphatic system to illuminate
the flow of fluid through its vessels and
tissues.
Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.