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THIRD EDITION HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AN INTEGRATED APPROACH Dee Unglaub Silverthorn, Ph.D. Chapter 1 Introduction to Physiology PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Dr. Howard D. Booth, Professor of Biology, Eastern Michigan University Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings About this Chapter • What is physiology? • A review of organ systems • Evolution and integration from cell to human • The concept of homeostasis is introduced • Themes in Physiology • The science of Physiology • Experimental design • Data Copyright Copyright©©2004 2004Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc., Inc.,publishing publishingas asBenjamin BenjaminCummings Cummings Levels of Organization • Physiology defined: • Function explains why it needs to be done • Mechanism explains how it does that job • Organization of life • The cell is the unit of life • Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems & organisms Figure 1-1: Levels of organization and the related fields of study Copyright Copyright©©2004 2004Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc., Inc.,publishing publishingas asBenjamin BenjaminCummings Cummings Organ Systems In Review • Circulatory • Digestive • Endocrine • Immune • Integumentary • Musculoskeletal • Nervous • Reproductive • Urinary Copyright Copyright©©2004 2004Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc., Inc.,publishing publishingas asBenjamin BenjaminCummings Cummings Figure 1-2: The integration between systems of the body Concept Mapping • Structure and function • Integration across • Cells • Tissues • Organs • Flow charts • Follow process • In sequence Copyright Copyright©©2004 2004Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc., Inc.,publishing publishingas asBenjamin BenjaminCummings Cummings Concept Mapping Figure 1-3: Maps for physiology Copyright Copyright©©2004 2004Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc., Inc.,publishing publishingas asBenjamin BenjaminCummings Cummings Evolution of Physiological Systems • Cell • Intracellular fluid • Extracellular fluid • Organism • Protective cells • Exchange cells • External environment • Homeostasis Defined • Emergent properties Copyright Copyright©©2004 2004Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc., Inc.,publishing publishingas asBenjamin BenjaminCummings Cummings Figure 1-4: The internal and external environments Homeostasis & Controls • External or internal change • Loss of homeostasis • Physiological attempt to correct • Sensors, integrating center • Response of cells & organs Copyright Copyright©©2004 2004Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc., Inc.,publishing publishingas asBenjamin BenjaminCummings Cummings Homeostasis & Controls • Successful compensation • Homeostasis reestablished • Failure to compensate • Pathophysiology • Illness • Death Copyright Copyright©©2004 2004Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc., Inc.,publishing publishingas asBenjamin BenjaminCummings Cummings Figure 1-5: Homeostasis Themes in Physiology • Homeostasis • Structure/function relationships • Integration of systems • Communication • Membranes & exchange • Energy • Mass balance • Mass flow & resistance Copyright Copyright©©2004 2004Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc., Inc.,publishing publishingas asBenjamin BenjaminCummings Cummings Figure 1-7: Mass balance in the body Scientific Inquiry & Knowledge • Observation & experimentation • Hypothesis • Variables • Independent • Dependant • Controls • Data • Replication • Theory • Models Copyright Copyright©©2004 2004Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc., Inc.,publishing publishingas asBenjamin BenjaminCummings Cummings Human Experiments • Genetic variables • Placebo effect • Nocebo effect • Ethics Copyright Copyright©©2004 2004Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc., Inc.,publishing publishingas asBenjamin BenjaminCummings Cummings Formats of Experimental Design • Crossover study • Blind studies • Double-blind studies • Double-blind crossover studies Copyright Copyright©©2004 2004Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc., Inc.,publishing publishingas asBenjamin BenjaminCummings Cummings Time Duration of Experiments • Longitudinal studies • Prospective studies • Cross sectional studies • Retrospective studies • Meta-analysis Copyright Copyright©©2004 2004Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc., Inc.,publishing publishingas asBenjamin BenjaminCummings Cummings Representing Data-Graphs • X- axis • Y- axis • Line graph • Bar graph • Histogram • Scatter plot • Interpolation • "Best Fit" line Figure 1-9 Copyright Copyright©©2004 2004Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc., Inc.,publishing publishingas asBenjamin BenjaminCummings Cummings Summary • Organ systems • Structures & functions • The cell, the organism, the outside environment • Homeostatic balancing • Review of themes: communication, energy, membranes, body compartments, flow and balance • Scientific inquiry- good science • Experimental designs • Representing the data Copyright Copyright©©2004 2004Pearson PearsonEducation, Education,Inc., Inc.,publishing publishingas asBenjamin BenjaminCummings Cummings
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