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Asthma phenotypes Pawel Gorski Medical University Lodz Asthma phenotypes-categories • Clinical- mild/moderate, severe • Age of the onset- childhood, adulthood • IgE dependency- atopic(extrinsic), nonatopic • Type of inflammation Inflammatory Phenotypes Eosinophilic Neutrophilic Paucigranulocytic Klasyfikacja astmy w oparciu o ocenę plwociny indukowanej Astma nieeozynofilowa Astma eozonofilowa Liczba eo w normie(<1,9%) Liczba eo > 1,9% Liczba neutrofilów Zapalenie ubogo granulocytarne w normie (<61%) Liczba neutrofilów >61% Zapalenie eozynofilowe Astma dobrze kontrolowana Typowa astma, często atopia, Rozważ alternatywną diagnozę Rozważ dawkę kortykosteroidów Zapalenie neutrofilowe Granulocytarne mieszane -Ostra infekcja Ciężkie zaostrzenia astmy -Infekcja przewlekła (Chlamydia, Astma oporna na leczenie adenowirus) -Palenie tytoniu -Otyłość -Ekspozycja na endotoksynę -Antygeny zawodowe - Zanieczyszczenia powietrza (ozon) Haldar P JACI 2007,119,1043-1052 Non-Eosinophilic asthma • Symptoms • Increased Airway responsiveness • Eosinophils within normal range Neutrophilic inflammation in asthma Barnes, JACI, 2007 Characteristics of Neutrophilic Asthma • Stable asthma: n=259 • Eosinophilic n=135, 52% • Neutrophilic alone n=60, 23% – Less atopy – Older – Later onset asthma Green RH et al Thorax 2002;57:875-9 Clinical features of eosinophilic and non-eosinophilic asthma. Simpson et al., Respirology 2006 Eosinophili c Neutrophil Paucigranulocyti ic Mixed c No. of subjects 38 19 29 7 Atopic, % 86% 92% 88% 100% FEV1% predicted 78% 73% 79% 60% ICS dose mg/day 1.5 2.0 1.5 2.0 PD15 (ml) 3.4 9.1 7.6 10 Acquired and innate immune pathways leading to asthma (Douwes et al., Thorax 2002) Paucigranulocytic ??? Allergens Acquired Immunity IgE Activated TH2 Cells Particulates, Pollutants, Virus, Endotoxin Innate Immunity TLR Macrophages and Epithelial Cells NF-kB IL-5 IL-8 Eosinophils ECP Neutrophils MBP MMP-9 Eosinophilic Asthma NE Neutrophilic Asthma Oxidative stress Allergens Acquired Immunity Particulates, Pollutants, Virus, Endotoxin, Bacteria IgE Activated TH2 Cells TLR Macrophages and Epithelial Cells ICS X Eosinophilic Asthma Innate Immunity X LABA Neutrophilic Asthma Inflammatory cell activation Remodelling: ASM, mast cells X LABA hyperresponsiveness Prospects for Cure of Neutrophilic Asthma • Treatable exposure – Infection – non-infection • Modify host response • Antagonise Neutrophils - LABA – Chemokine/elastase inhibition Phenotypes of severe asthma Infiltrating cells in severe asthma • “No histologic criteria consistently differentiate severe from milder forms of asthma, perhaps because of confounding by the: - effects of therapy - difficulty in sampling distal lung compartments - variation with time” Chanez, Wenzel et al., JACI, 2007 Does the Inflammatory Phenotype Predict Response to Corticosteroids? Odpowiedź na leki • Słabsza na ks jeśli liczba eo w plwocinie <3% 7 prac z lat 2000-2007 wg Haldar P JACI 2007,119,5, 1043-1052 • Ale…… Przecież są to chorzy na ogół otyli, wielu z nich pali papierosy, a u wielu stwierdza się inne choroby zapalne ( zapalenia jelit, hepatitis C, choroby autoimmunologiczne tarczycy, infekcje Helicobacter) • Czy zatem charakter zapalenia decyduje o odpowiedzi na ks? • Prawdopodobnie lepsza odpowiedź na etanercept Berry MA i wsp. NEJM 2006, 354, 697-708 • Dobra odpowiedź na LABA Jarayam L i wsp. Eur Respir J 2006, 27, 483-494