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Asthma phenotypes
Pawel Gorski
Medical University
Lodz
Asthma phenotypes-categories
• Clinical- mild/moderate, severe
• Age of the onset- childhood, adulthood
• IgE dependency- atopic(extrinsic),
nonatopic
• Type of inflammation
Inflammatory Phenotypes
Eosinophilic
Neutrophilic
Paucigranulocytic
Klasyfikacja astmy w oparciu o ocenę plwociny indukowanej
Astma nieeozynofilowa
Astma eozonofilowa
Liczba eo w normie(<1,9%)
Liczba eo > 1,9%
Liczba neutrofilów Zapalenie ubogo granulocytarne
w normie (<61%)
Liczba neutrofilów
>61%
Zapalenie eozynofilowe
Astma dobrze kontrolowana
Typowa astma, często atopia,
Rozważ alternatywną diagnozę
Rozważ dawkę kortykosteroidów
Zapalenie neutrofilowe
Granulocytarne mieszane
-Ostra infekcja
Ciężkie zaostrzenia astmy
-Infekcja przewlekła (Chlamydia,
Astma oporna na leczenie
adenowirus)
-Palenie tytoniu
-Otyłość
-Ekspozycja na endotoksynę
-Antygeny zawodowe
- Zanieczyszczenia powietrza (ozon)
Haldar P JACI 2007,119,1043-1052
Non-Eosinophilic asthma
• Symptoms
• Increased Airway responsiveness
• Eosinophils within normal range
Neutrophilic inflammation in asthma
Barnes, JACI, 2007
Characteristics of Neutrophilic Asthma
• Stable asthma: n=259
• Eosinophilic n=135, 52%
• Neutrophilic alone n=60, 23%
– Less atopy
– Older
– Later onset asthma
Green RH et al Thorax 2002;57:875-9
Clinical features of eosinophilic and
non-eosinophilic asthma. Simpson et al.,
Respirology 2006
Eosinophili
c
Neutrophil Paucigranulocyti
ic
Mixed
c
No. of subjects
38
19
29
7
Atopic, %
86%
92%
88%
100%
FEV1%
predicted
78%
73%
79%
60%
ICS dose
mg/day
1.5
2.0
1.5
2.0
PD15 (ml)
3.4
9.1
7.6
10
Acquired and innate immune pathways leading to
asthma (Douwes et al., Thorax 2002)
Paucigranulocytic
???
Allergens
Acquired
Immunity
IgE
Activated TH2 Cells
Particulates, Pollutants,
Virus, Endotoxin
Innate
Immunity
TLR
Macrophages and Epithelial Cells
NF-kB
IL-5
IL-8
Eosinophils
ECP
Neutrophils
MBP
MMP-9
Eosinophilic
Asthma
NE
Neutrophilic
Asthma
Oxidative
stress
Allergens
Acquired
Immunity
Particulates, Pollutants, Virus,
Endotoxin, Bacteria
IgE
Activated TH2 Cells
TLR
Macrophages and Epithelial Cells
ICS X
Eosinophilic
Asthma
Innate
Immunity
X LABA
Neutrophilic
Asthma
Inflammatory cell activation
Remodelling: ASM, mast cells
X LABA
hyperresponsiveness
Prospects for Cure of
Neutrophilic Asthma
• Treatable exposure
– Infection
– non-infection
• Modify host response
• Antagonise Neutrophils
- LABA
– Chemokine/elastase inhibition
Phenotypes of
severe asthma
Infiltrating cells in severe asthma
• “No histologic criteria consistently
differentiate severe from milder forms of
asthma, perhaps because of confounding
by the:
- effects of therapy
- difficulty in sampling distal lung
compartments
- variation with time”
Chanez, Wenzel et al., JACI, 2007
Does the Inflammatory
Phenotype Predict
Response to
Corticosteroids?
Odpowiedź na leki
• Słabsza na ks jeśli liczba eo w plwocinie <3%
7 prac z lat 2000-2007 wg Haldar P JACI 2007,119,5, 1043-1052
• Ale…… Przecież są to chorzy na ogół otyli,
wielu z nich pali papierosy, a u wielu
stwierdza się inne choroby zapalne ( zapalenia jelit,
hepatitis C, choroby autoimmunologiczne tarczycy, infekcje Helicobacter)
• Czy zatem charakter zapalenia decyduje o
odpowiedzi na ks?
• Prawdopodobnie lepsza odpowiedź na
etanercept Berry MA i wsp. NEJM 2006, 354, 697-708
• Dobra odpowiedź na LABA Jarayam L i wsp. Eur Respir J
2006, 27, 483-494
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