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Chapter 6
Learning
Learning
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Learning defined on page
– Classical conditioning
– Operant/Instrumental conditioning
– Observational learning
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Ivan Pavlov – Classical conditioning
Terminology
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Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Conditioned Response (CR)
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Classical Conditioning: More Terminology
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Trial = pairing of UCS and CS
Acquisition = initial stage in learning
Stimulus contiguity = occurring together in time and space
3 types of Classical Conditioning
– Simultaneous conditioning: CS and UCS begin and end together
– Short-delayed conditioning: CS begins just before the UCS, end
together
– Trace conditioning: CS begins and ends before UCS is presented
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Classical Conditioning in Everyday Life
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Conditioned fears
Other conditioned emotional responses
Conditioning and physiological responses
Conditioning and drug effects –
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Processes in Classical Conditioning
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Extinction
Spontaneous Recovery
Stimulus Generalization
Discrimination
Higher-order conditioning
Applications of classical conditioning and
persuasion
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Operant Conditioning or Instrumental
Learning
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Edward L. Thorndike (1913) – the law of effect –
puzzle box and learning curve
B.F. Skinner (1953) – principle of reinforcement
– Operant chamber – “Skinner Box” –
– Emission of response
– Reinforcement contingencies – antecedents, behaviors, and
consequences (ABC)
– Cumulative recorder –
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Skinner box and cumulative recorder
Basic Processes in Operant
Conditioning
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Acquisition
Shaping – animal examples
Extinction
Stimulus Control
– Generalization
– Discrimination
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Remote controlled rat –
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Comparison of Basic Processes in Classical and Operant Conditioning
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Reinforcement: Consequences that
Strengthen Responses
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Delayed Reinforcement
– Longer delay, slower conditioning
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Primary Reinforcers
– Satisfy biological needs
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Secondary Reinforcers
– Conditioned reinforcement
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Schedules of Reinforcement
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Continuous reinforcement
Intermittent (partial) reinforcement
Ratio schedules
– Fixed
– Variable
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Interval schedules
– Fixed
– Variable
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Schedules of reinforcement and everyday life –
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Consequences: Reinforcement and
Punishment
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Increasing a response:
– Positive reinforcement = response followed by rewarding
stimulus
– Negative reinforcement = response followed by removal of
an aversive stimulus
• Escape learning
• Avoidance learning
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Decreasing a response:
– Punishment
– Problems with punishment – third variable problem and
correlation between punishment and aggression –
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Changes in Our Understanding of
Conditioning
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Biological Constraints on Conditioning
– Breland and Breland (1961) – misbehavior of organisms
– Instinctive Drift
– Conditioned Taste Aversion – Garcia & Koelling (1966) –
Preparedness and Phobias
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Cognitive Influences on Conditioning
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Signal relations
Response-outcome relations
Latent learning –
Evolutionary Perspectives on learning
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Observational Learning: Basic
Processes
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Albert Bandura (1977, 1986)
– Observational learning –
– Vicarious conditioning
– Bandura, Ross, & Ross (1963) – featured study 4 key
processes
– attention
– retention
– reproduction
– motivation
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acquisition vs. performance
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p. 245
Observational Learning and the
Media Violence Controversy
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Studies demonstrate that exposure to TV and
movie violence increases the likelihood of
physical aggression, verbal aggression,
aggressive thoughts, and aggressive emotions
The association between media violence and
aggression is nearly as great as the correlation
between smoking and cancer – third variable
problem
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Comparison of the relationship between media violence and aggression to other correlations.
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Modify your own behavior?
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