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Personality and Its
Assessment
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What is Personality?
– A pattern of relatively permanent traits,
dispositions or characteristics
– Give consistency to an individual’s behavior
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The Psychodynamic Approach
to Personality
Focuses on unconscious process
The Psychoanalytic Theory of Sigmund
Freud
– Early childhood experiences and
fantasies
– Oedipus Complex
– Psychoanalysis
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The Psychoanalytic Theory of
Sigmund Freud
Levels of Mental Life
a. Conscious
b. Preconscious
c. Unconscious
• Freudian slip
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The Psychoanalytic Theory of
Sigmund Freud
The Structure of the Mind
a. Id
• Pleasure principle
b. Ego
• Reality Principle
c. Superego
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The Psychoanalytic Theory of
Sigmund Freud
Development of Personality
– 5 psychosexual stages of personality
development
• Erogenous zones
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Development of Personality
a. Oral Stage
– Birth to age 2
b. Anal Stage
– Ages 2–3
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Development of Personality
c. Phallic Stage
– Ages 4–7
– Boys: Oedipus complex
– Castration anxiety
– Girls: Penis envy
– Controversial
– Insulting to women
– Disputed by researchers
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Development of Personality
d. Latency Stage
– Ages 7 to puberty
e. Genital Stage
– Onset of puberty through adulthood
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The Psychoanalytic Theory of
Sigmund Freud
Sex and Aggression: The Two Great Drives
• Drive toward life
– Expressed through sex
– Libido
• Drive toward death
– Expressed through aggression
• Inner conflict from socially unacceptable
behaviors or feelings
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The Psychoanalytic Theory of
Sigmund Freud
Defense Mechanisms
– Unconscious
– Protect ego against anxiety
– Have some element of repression
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Defense Mechanisms
a. Rationalization
b. Regression
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Defense Mechanisms
c. Projection
d. Reaction formation
e. Displacement
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Defense Mechanisms
f. Denial
– Refusing to recognize the true source of
anxiety
• Sublimation
-- channeling unacceptable impulses into what is
socially more acceptable
– Only defense mechanism that tends to benefit
society
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The Psychoanalytic Theory of
Sigmund Freud
Freud Today
– Some elements of truth:
– Some behavior motivated by the
unconscious
• Children’s identification with parents
• Defense mechanisms
– However, theory is sharply criticized today
• Overemphasis on sexual urges
• Psychosexual stages rejected by many
• Does not account for context and culture
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The Psychodynamic Approach
to Personality
Adler and Individual Psychology
– Striving for Superiority or Success
• Natural feelings of inferiority motivate
striving for:
– Superiority
• Overcompensation
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Adler and Individual Psychology
• Family Constellations - Birth Order
– Affect important personality characteristics
• Early recollections
– Style of life influences how we interpret early
experiences
• Adler’s theory less influential than Freud’s
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The Psychodynamic Approach
to Personality
Jung and Analytical Psychology
• Analytical psychology
• Self-realization or perfection
• Collective unconscious – a shared
collection or storehouse of archetypes
• Archetypes – emotionally charged
ideas and images inherited from
one’s ancestors
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Jung and Analytical Psychology
• Quest for self-realization involves accepting
specific archetypes
– Shadow
– Men must recognize their anima
– Women must recognize their
animus
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Jung and Analytical Psychology
Jung’s ideas widely known, but not widely
accepted
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The Theory of Karen Horney
a) Basic Anxiety – fear of abandonment in a
potentially hostile world
b) The powerful role of culture in shaping
personality
c) Described the “neurotic” personality
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Can Personality Be Learned?
The Power of Learning
– Operant conditioning explains personality for
the behaviorists
• Past experiences
Skinner
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Trait and Type Theories
• A trait is any readily identifiable, stable quality
that characterizes how an individual differs
from others
– Related to disposition (biological)
– Exist on a continuum
• A type is a category or collection of related
traits
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Trait and Type Theories
The Five-Factor Model
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Neuroticism–Stability
Extraversion–Introversion
Openness to experience
Agreeableness–Antagonism
Conscientiousness–Undirectedness
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Humanistic Approach
• Focuses on well-adjusted people
• Phenomenological approach
– Focus on individuals’ unique experiences
and how they interpret them
– Emphasizes current, not past, experience
– Focus on self-determination
– Free will and responsibility
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Humanistic Approach
Maslow and Self-Actualization
– Hierarchy of needs
– Studied psychologically healthy people
– Very few become self-actualized
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Maslow and Self-Actualization
• Characteristics of self-actualized people
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Accept themselves, others, and nature
Spontaneous, simple, and natural
Problem- not person-centered
Childlike appreciation of the world
High levels of social interest
Creative
Non-conformist
• Everyone has the potential to be selfactualized
• Theory is virtually untestable
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Humanistic Approach
Rogers and Self Theory
Basics of Carl Rogers’s (1902 – 1987) theory
• Three basic assumptions about
behavior
– People have potential for growth
– Perceptions of the self and the world
determine behavior
• Personality development motivated by
fulfillment
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Basics of Rogers’s Theory
• Three conditions necessary for fulfillment
– Empathy
– Unconditional positive regard
– Congruent relationship
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Rogers and Self Theory
The Self-Concept and the Ideal Self
– Self-concept
– Ideal self
– Incongruence
– Leads to anxiety
– May motivate change
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Humanistic Approach
Positive Psychology
– Focuses on well-being, contentment, hope,
optimism, and happiness
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Cognitive Approaches
– How we think affects how we feel and affects
our behavior
– Emphasis on personal construction of reality is
similar to the humanistic approaches
– Emphasis on cognition makes it dissimilar
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Cognitive Approaches
Rotter and Locus of Control
– Types
• External locus of control
• Internal locus of control
– Influences how people identify causes of
success and failure
– Influences achievement
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Cognitive Approaches
Bandura and Self-Efficacy
– Self-efficacy is a person’s belief about
whether she or he can successfully perform
a specific behavior
– Those with higher self-efficacy attribute
success to internal factors
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Bandura and Self-Efficacy
• Observation of positive role models or
receiving reinforcement increases self-efficacy
• Self-efficacy determines and flows from feelings
of self-worth
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Personality Assessment
• Process of evaluating individual differences
– Goals of personality assessment
– Explaining behavior
– Diagnosing and classifying behavioral
problems
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Personality Assessment
Projective Tests
– Use standard sets of ambiguous stimuli
– Assumed that unconscious feelings and
motives are projected onto the stimuli
– Example: What is this?
• Someone with high
aggression might see
a rocket
• Someone else might
see an angel
– Related to psychodynamic approaches to
personality
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Projective Tests
1. The Rorschach Inkblot Test
• New scoring system
• Little usefulness for diagnosing psychological
problems
• The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
• Lack of standardized scoring system
• Create stories from ambiguous pictures
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Personality Assessment
Personality Inventories
– Most widely used psychological tests, next to
intelligence tests
– Well-constructed inventories are valid
predictors of behavior
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Personality Inventories
Myers–Briggs Type Inventory (MBTI)
– Based on Jung’s theory
• Modalities define personality type
• Four dimensions
–
–
–
–
Extraversion–Introversion
Sensing–Intuition
Thinking–Feeling
Judging–Perceiving
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