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THINK SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 1 What Is Social Psychology? THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Social Psychology • The exploration of the interaction of an individual person and a given situation • Three main areas of interest: social perception social influence social interaction THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Social Psychology • Social perception forming an impression of others based on available information • Social influence the process by which one’s thoughts and actions are affected by others • Social interaction the relationship between two or more individuals THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Social Psychology • Social psychology overlaps with other disciplines sociology personality psychology cognitive psychology THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Social Psychology Macro Micro Sociology Psychology Social Psychology THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. What are the roots of social psychology? • Social Facilitation versus Social Loafing Norman Triplett: Bicycling (1898) Max Rigelmann: Tug-a-War (1913) THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The roots of social psychology: Social Facilitation • In 1898 Norman Triplett noted that competitive cyclists performed better during races than during solo rides. Subsequent research confirmed that a welllearned performance is enhanced in the presence of others. Note the element of well-learned performance THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The roots of social psychology: Social Loafing • In 1883 Max Ringelmann conducted a study from which he concluded that an individual’s performance actually gets worse in the presence of others. Individuals make less of an effort when in a group than they would if they were attempting to achieve the goal on their own THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Social Loafing vs. Social Facilitation • Although these tow concepts seem to contradict each other, they do not. Social facilitation occurs when people are performing in the presence of others yet their individual contributions can be identified social loafing occurs when persons are performing a task as part of a group and individual effort cannot be identified. THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Social Psychology in the 20th Century • Charles Horton Cooley Human Nature and Social Order (1902) • Edward Ross Social Psychology (1908) • William McDougall Introduction to Social Psychology (1908) • George Herbert Mead Mind, Self, and Society (1934) THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Social Psychology in the th 20 Century • The publication of two textbooks in 1908 was a major milestone • Social Psychology, published by Floyd Allport in 1924, was based on experimental research • In 1936, the SPSSI was formed The SPSSI’s publication, The Journal of Social Issues, shifted the thinking on human behavior THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Impact of World War II • The actions of Adolf Hitler brought many social psychologists to the United States Kurt Lewin Fritz Heider Solomon Asch • The premises of social psychology were key to US wartime efforts • The study of conformity (and its role in the war) peaked in interest THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Adolf Hitler and Propaganda •Muzafer Sherif •Stanely Milgram THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Social Psychology Research Comes in Two Types • Basic research The fundamental ideas behind behavior and cognitive processes • Applied research Using social psychological ideas to address issues in other fields THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Action Learning • "Research that produces nothing but books will not suffice." (Lewin 1948) Kurt Lewin argued that the objective of social psychology must be a better understanding of human behavior for a purpose The objective is to apply research and create a more considerate and peaceful world THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Practicing What We Preach THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. What Are The Different Perspectives of Social Psychology? • Sociocultural Perspective • Evolutionary Perspective • Social Cognitive Perspective • Social Learning Perspective THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Sociolcultural Perspective • This perspective focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture Social behavior is not only influenced by the presence of others but also cultural norms will have a significant influence Note the differences between individualistic versus collective cultures THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Evolutionary Perspective • This perspective focuses on the physical and biological predispositions that result in human survival Natural selection would indicate that those behaviors that enhanced survival would be passed on to subsequent generations Evidence of this approach would be seen in other animals as well as human beings THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Social Cognitive Perspective • This perspective is derived from the behavioralism perspective It assumes that an individual’s cognitive process influences and is influenced by behavioral associations Classical and operant conditioning are aspects of this perspective THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Social Learning Perspective • This perspective argues that individuals learn from observing the behaviors of others Individuls observe modeled behaviors and, in turn behave in a similar manner Sanctions either reinforce or discourage a give behavior THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Modern Social Perspectives on Why People Steal THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Modern Social Perspectives on Why People Steal • Sociocultural Perspective: Because of the influence of a materialistic culture People steal because the culture places a greater emphasis on objects considered valuable than it does people THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Modern Social Perspectives on Why People Steal • Evolutionary Perspective: The emphasis is on survival of the gene pool People steal because acquiring certain objects can improve the changes for survival THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Modern Social Perspectives on Why People Steal • Social Cognitive Perspective: Cognitive processes have not been established that identify stealing as wrong No cognitive conditioning has occurred to link stealing with a negative experience THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Modern Social Perspectives on Why People Steal • Social Learning Perspective: The pattern of stealing has been established through observation As such, stealing is perceived as an acceptable behavior THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Social Psychology and Other Disciplines • The premises of social psychology are valuable to many other fields Economics and business Neuroscience Government Other areas of psychology THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Social Psychology and Other Fields THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Is Social Psychology Just Common Sense? • “Common sense” knowledge is often belied by social psychology research • The hindsight bias We often think we knew what would happen after it happens THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Doesn’t Everyone Agree with Us? • Common sense is subjective, and not uniform across all people • The false consensus effect The assumption that everyone shares one’s opinion Caused by differential construal - Different people judge circumstances differently THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. How Do We Minimize Bias? • Confirmation bias Paying attention only to information that supports our beliefs Disregarding information that conflicts with our beliefs • The scientific method A process for conducting research that minimizes different types of bias THINK Social Psychology Kimberley Duff Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.