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Psychology of Learning EXP4404 Chapter 5: Reinforcement Dr. Steve Topics Covered Law of Effect Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning Reinforcement Escape-Avoidance Learning Operant vs. Classical Conditioning Primary vs. Secondary Reinforcers Shaping & Chaining Variables Affecting Reinforcement Neuromechanics of Reinforcement Extinction Theories of Reinforcement Law of Effect E. L. Thorndike Puzzle Box for studying “animal intelligence” Trial and Error Learning Law of Effect www.youtube.com/watch?v=BDujDOLre-8 Operant Learning Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning – B. F. Skinner’s Operant Chamber Operant Learning Reinforcement Reinforcer Positive Reinforcer Negative Reinforcer Operant Learning Escape-Avoidance Learning Operant Learning Learned Helplessness Operant vs. Classical Conditioning Operant Classical Primary vs. Secondary Reinforcers Primary Reinforcers Secondary Reinforcers Secondary Reinforcers • Clicker Training Operant Learning Shaping Bird shaping video Operant Learning Chaining Forward chaining Backward chaining Funny example of Chaining Behavior Variables Affecting Reinforcement Contingency Contiguity Variables Affecting Reinforcement Reinforcer Characteristics Crespi Effect (aka, Contrast Effect) Negative Effect Positive Effect Variables Affecting Reinforcement Token Economies Variables Affecting Reinforcement Task Characteristics Motivating Operation Competing Reinforcers Operant Learning Reward Pathway Operant Learning Latent Learning Extinction Extinction Effects of extinction include: Extinction burst Extinction Effects of extinction include (cont’d): Spontaneous Recovery Resurgence Behavior is Extinguished Theories of Reinforcement Hull’s Drive-Reduction Theory P(R) = (D x H x K x V) – I P(R) = probability of response D = Drive or length of deprivation H = Habit or how often response has been reinforced K = Incentive (pull factor) quantity or quality of goal V = Stimulus intensity (push factor) – greater better I = Inhibition- reduces probability of response (fatigue) “Forgetting” may be function of reduction in D, K, or V (note: H cannot decrease) or increase in I Theories of Reinforcement Premack Principle – aka – Relative Value Theory Theories of Reinforcement Response Deprivation Theory – aka Equilibrium Theory Theories of Reinforcement Theories of Negative Reinforcement (Avoidance) Mowrer’s Two-Process Theory Theories of Reinforcement Theories of Negative Reinforcement (Avoidance) One-Process Theory
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