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Classical Conditioning & Drug Effects Lecture 13 Learning & Drug-taking Behavior Learning can be maladaptive phobias obsessive/compulsive disorder Drug-taking behavior Role of learning in drug-taking Motivation, acquisition, & maintenance Operant & Classical conditioning Same rules as any acquired response ~ Associative Learning Operant learning Attempt to change environment Controlled by consequences Acquisition & maintenance Classical Conditioning (Respondent) Involuntary behavior Triggered by external events Learned “reflexes” Motivation Alters drug effects ~ Motivation Will expend energy to achieve goal Approach or Avoidance What “motivates” behavior? Physiological responses Emotional responses Cognitive response Involuntary responses Both innate & learned ~ Learning Associations Signal--Important event Based on reflexes stimulus response automatic (involuntary) After association learned… signal triggers response ~ Reflexive Behavior Unconditional Stimulus (US) Biologically important Survival value Unconditional Response (UR) Reflexive response Automatic ~ Learned Behavior Conditional stimuli (CS) Initially neutral Becomes a signal/cue Conditional Response (CR) Learned response Elicited by CS ~ Classical Conditioning CS US TONE FOOD UR SALIVATION After Classical Conditioning CS only Tone Salivation Conditional Response CERs & Motivation Emotional component to URs Associated with contextual cues CS+ / CS- CER CERs often motivate behaviors including drug-taking Hedonism / Self-medication Lead to reinforcement ~ CER (affect) CS+ Positive Negative CS- Negative Positive Appetitive Aversive US Drugs & Classical Conditioning Unconditional Stimulus (US) Drug’s interaction with nervous system Unconditional Response (UR) Drug effect(s) Conditional stimuli (CS) Cues for administration Conditional Response (CR) Homogenic or heterogenic? ~ Conditioned Withdrawal Opiate addicts Naloxone withdrawal CS: contextual cues syringe, sounds, location, etc. ~ Classical Conditioning: Heroin Addicts Conditional Stimulus Syringe Unconditional Stimulus Naloxone Unconditional Response Withdrawal Classical Conditioning: Heroin Addicts Conditional Stimulus Syringe Withdrawal Conditional Response Conditioned Drug Responses Same laws of any learned behavior Acquisition (CS – US) Gradual strengthening of CR Relatively permanent Extinction (CS – no US) Gradual weakening of CR Cues no longer predict drug Relatively permanent? ~ Recovery of Extinguished Response Spontaneous Recovery just passage of time Disinhibition CS in new context Renewal Effect Extinction in different context than acquisition Reacquisition CR re-established in fewer trials ~ What does it all mean? Demonstrate association intact CR is inhibited Spontaneous recovery & Disinhibition Might trigger relapse Reacquisition Craving / habit reestablished quickly Operant conditioning Same phenomena ~