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Operant Conditioning An ‘operant’ is a spontaneous behavior that affects the environment so as to produce a consequence (reinforcing or punishing). Reinforcement: Increases the behavior (in the future). Punishment: Decreases the behavior (in the future). Behavior Present Stim. Remove Stim. Increase Negative Reinforcement Positive Reinforcement Decrease Aversive Punishment Response Cost (Punishment) Reinforcement and Punishment Example The Situation: A child reaches out and grabs a candy bar. The father takes it away. The child cries and has a temper tantrum. The father buys the candy. The child stops crying. Choose from the following: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, aversive punishment, response cost (punishment). The child’s grabbing the candy was ______ by the father taking the candy away? The father’s taking the candy away has been _____ by the child’s crying and tantrum? The child’s crying and tantrum was _____ by the father’s buying of the candy? The father’s buying the candy was ______ by the child’s stopping the crying and tantrum? Important Concepts Immediate reinforcement is more effective than delayed reinforcement. Shaping: reinforcing successive approximations toward a final response. Also in Operant Conditioning: Extinction Spontaneous Recovery Generalization Discrimination Partial Reinforcement Fixed-Ratio Schedule Variable-Ratio Schedule Fixed-Interval Schedule Variable-Ratio Schedule