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Learning
 relatively permanent change in an
organism’s behavior due to
experience
 Helps us …
Association
 We learn by association
 Associative Learning
Classical Conditioning
 Ivan Pavlov
 1849-1936
 Russian physician/
neurophysiologist
 Nobel Prize in 1904
 studied digestive
secretions
Pavlov’s Classic Experiment
Before Conditioning
UCS (food
in mouth)
UCR
(salivation)
During Conditioning
Neutral
stimulus
(tone)
No
salivation
After Conditioning
UCS (food
in mouth)
Neutral
stimulus
(tone)
UCR
(salivation)
CS
(tone)
CR (salivation)
Classical Conditioning
 Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
 Unconditioned Response (UCR)
 Neutral Stimulus
Then the conditioning is
applied:
 Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
 Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
 Conditioned Response (CR)
Classical Conditioning
NEUTRAL STIMULUS
will
elicit
NO REACTION
UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS
will
elicit a
Unconditioned Respone
will
elicit a
Unconditioned Response
UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS
NEUTRAL STIMULUS
CONDITIONED
STIMULUS
CONDITIONED
STIMULUS
will
elicit a
CONDITIONED
RESPONSE
Classical Conditioning
 Acquisition
Classical Conditioning
 Extinction
 Spontaneous Recovery
Classical
Conditioning
Strength
of CR
Acquisition
(CS+UCS)
Extinction
(CS alone)
Spontaneous
recovery of
CR
Extinction
(CS alone)
Pause
Classical Conditioning
 Generalization
 tendency for stimuli similar to CS to
elicit similar responses
 Can be adatptive
 Ex.
 Ex.
Classical Conditioning
 Discrimination
Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning = biologically adaptive
Helps organism prepare for good and bad events
Helps an animal survive and reproduce
Why is Pavlov’s work important?
1.
2.
Applications of Classical Conditioning
• In drug treatment =
• Systematic Desensitization =
• Aversion Treatment =
Operant Conditioning
 Operant Conditioning
 Law of Effect
Operant Conditioning
 Operant Behavior
 Respondent Behavior
Operant Conditioning
 B.F. Skinner (19041990)
 elaborated
Thorndike’s Law of
Effect
 developed
behavioral
technology
Operant Chamber
 Skinner Box
 chamber with a bar
or key that an
animal manipulates
to obtain a food or
water reinforcer
 contains devices to
record response
rates
Operant Conditioning
 Reinforcer
 Shaping
Successive Approximation
Ways to increase behavior.
• Positive reinforcement
 Strengthens a response by presenting...
•Negative reinforcement
 Strengthens a response…
Principles of Reinforcement
 Primary Reinforcer
 Conditioned Reinforcer (secondary
reinforcer)
Schedules of Reinforcement
 Continuous Reinforcement
 Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement
Schedules of Reinforcement
 Fixed Ratio (FR)
Schedules of Reinforcement
 Variable Ratio (VR)
Schedules of Reinforcement
 Fixed Interval (FI)
Schedules of Reinforcement
 Variable Interval (VI)
Schedules of Reinforcement
Number of
responses
1000
Fixed Ratio
Variable Ratio
Fixed Interval
750
Rapid responding
near time for
reinforcement
500
Variable Interval
250
Steady responding
0
10
20
30
40
50
Time (minutes)
60
70
80
Punishment
 Punishment
 aversive event that decreases the
behavior that it follows
 powerful controller of unwanted
behavior (
)
 Administering a ______________
consequence or withdrawing a
__________________ one.
Cognition and Operant
Conditioning
 Cognitive Map
 Latent Learning
Cognition and Operant
Conditioning
 Intrinsic Motivation
 Extrinsic Motivation
 Observational Learning
 Modeling
Observational Learning
 Mirror Neurons
 frontal lobe neurons that fire when
performing certain actions or when
observing another doing so
 May…
Observational Learning
 Alfred Bandura
 Pioneering researcher in
observational learning
 we look and we learn
 Thinking is affected by
observations and direct
consequences are not
necessary
Observational Learning
 This 14-month-old
boy is imitating
behavior he has seen
on TV
 Knowledge of the
mere possibility of
reinforcement or
punishment may be
enough to promote
or suppress behavior.
Classical vs. Operant Conditioning
CLASSICAL
• Stimulus precedes the
response and elicits it
• Elicited responses
• Learning as a result of
association
• Pavlov
OPERANT
• Stimulus follows the
response and strengthens
it
• Emitted responses
• Learning as a result of
consequences
• Skinner