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An Introduction to Human Geography
The Cultural Landscape, 8e
James M. Rubenstein
Chapter 6
Religion
PPT by Abe Goldman
Key Issue 1: Where are religions
distributed?
I. Universalizing religions
A.
B.
C.
D.
Christianity
Islam
Buddhism
Sikhism
II. Ethnic religions
A. Judaism
B. Hinduism
C. Other ethnic religions
Christianity
Began with the life of Jesus, a Jew living in
Israel during Roman occupation (first century)
Book: New Testament of the Bible
3 Main Branches
Roman Catholic
Eastern Orthodox
Protestant
Hundreds of Denominations
Thousands of Sects
Roman Catholicism
HQ: Vatican City in Rome, Italy
Head of the Church – the Pope
Began… depends on who you talk to or
what you read
According to the Church, began when Jesus
named Peter the first Bishop
Write a summarizing statement of where Catholics are distributed on
earth.
Eastern Orthodox Church
HQ
Officially, there is no one location. Each autocephaly, or
denomination, has its own
Greek Orthodox – Athens
Polish Orthodox – Warsaw
Russian Orthodox – Moscow
Constantinople, Turkey is considered the historical HQ
Head of the Church – no official leader
each autocephaly has a Bishop
Patriarch of Constantinople is considered to be “first
among equals” and spiritual head, but has no real
authority to lead
claims to be the “true” link to Jesus and that the Roman
Catholics deviated from original teachings
Thus the term “orthodox”
Write a summarizing statement of where orthodoxy is
distributed on earth.
St. Basil’s Cathedral in
Moscow, Russia
Built in 1500s by Ivan the
Terrible to commemorate the
conquest of the Khanate of
Kazan
Hagia Sophia in
Constantinople, Turkey
Originally, the HQ of the
Eastern Orthodox Church
Now, a mosque in Istanbul
St. Catherine’s
Monastery on
Mount Sinai
Peninsula, Egypt
Protestantism
Term basically refers to those religions that evolved out of the
Protestant Reformation in 16th cen Europe
Think “protest” b/c these groups were protesting the Roman Catholic
Church.
Major figures:
Martin Luther
John Calvin
Traditional Denominations
Lutheranism
Calvinism (Dutch Reform, Presbyterianism)
Methodism
Baptists
Seven-Day Adventist
Anglican, (Episcopalian in the US) **
Protestantism in Europe
Yes, write a summarizing statement of where
Protestantism (orange color) is distributed on earth.
Islam
HQ – Mecca, Saudi Arabia
Head of the Church – none
Very decentralized
Holy book: The Qur’an (Koran)
Each imam / cleric has authority to interpret
the Qur'an
Began – 600s with the teachings /
leadership of Muhammad
Islam
Monotheistic
5 Pillars of Islam…
2 Branches of Islam:
1. Sunni –83%
2. Shi’a (or Shiite) -16% -clustered in Iran
The split happened after the death of
Muhammad and who would become the
caliph (leader)
Masjid al-Haram in Mecca
Ka’ba – the cube-like structure at the
center of the mosque; contains a black
stone given to Abraham by Gabriel as
a sign of the covenant with Ishmael
and the Muslim people.
Masjid al-Nabawi in
Medina
National Mosque
in Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia
The Great Mosque
of Djenné in Mali
Entrance to Al Kadhimain
Mosque in Baghdad, Iraq
Close up of tile design
Yes, write another statement describing where
Islam is prevalent on Earth.
Buddhism
HQ - none
Head of Church - none
Began
Siddhartha Gautama (6th or 5th century BCE)
Major divisions
Mahayana – 56%, China, Japan, Korea
Tantrayana – 6%, Tibet, Mongolia
Theravada – 38%, SE Asia, Sri Lanka
Where Theravada
Buddhism is dominant.

Where Mahayana
Buddhism is dominant.

Four Noble Truths
All living beings must suffer
Suffering is caused by desire
Goal is to escape suffering
Nirvana (enlightenment) is attained through an
Eightfold Path
Rightness of belief, resolve, speech, action, livelihood,
effort, thought, and meditation
Following the Eightfold Path leads to good Karma
Sikhism
Monotheistic
Founded in Northern India 16th Century by
Guru Nanak
Ideals based on 10 Gurus’ teachings
20 million followers worldwide
Sikh beliefs
All humans have equal status under God
Focus on good deeds not rituals
Holy writings: Guru Granth Sahib , which
is a collection of teachings from all 10
Gurus.
5 K’s of Sikhism
Kesh: uncut hair as a mark of holiness
and submission to God's will
Kangha: a small wooden comb in the
hair as a sign of cleanliness
Kara: a steel bracelet, a reminder that
they are connected to God
Kachhera: short cotton underwear, more
practical for daily life than the traditional
dhoti worn in India
Kirpaan: a sword, for protection.
World Distribution of Religions
Fig. 6-1: World religions by continent.
•What is the
connection b/t the
dominant religion
and colonization?
How is migration
influencing what
religion is
dominant in a
region?
Although the U.S. is majority
Protestant, are parts of the
U.S. Catholic? Which parts
and why?
What explains the
% of non-religious?
Christian Branches in the U.S.
The Bible Belt
Ethnic Religions
Characteristics:
Tied to ethnicity of group
Often tied to physical environment and forces of nature
Often clustered in specific regions, typically hearth
Examples:
Hinduism
Confucianism
Daoism (Taoism)
Shintoism
Judaism
Animistic Religions
Indigenous religions
Chinese Folk religion
Shamanism
Hinduism
Largest ethnic religion
97% in India (they make up 80% of Indian population
Clustered
No single holy book
Vedas (oldest of the Hindu scriptures) are widely accepted
Bhagavad Gita is viewed as a summary of beliefs
No one method of practice or belief Individualized
Origin: unknown, diffused with Aryan invaders,
combined with local religions.
Path you choose is correct as long as it is in harmony
w/ your true nature
As a result: autonomous religion – a religion that does
not have a central authority but shares ideas and
cooperates informally
Is Hinduism monotheistic or
polytheistic?
Hinduism
So, what does the average Hindu believe?
70% worship Vishnu
25% worship Shiva
Other important deities
Krishna
Ganesha
General Beliefs
Dharma
Ethics/duties
Karma
actions
Yogas
Paths/practices
Reincarnation
Seated Shiva with Mt. Kailash in background
– Bangalore, India
RED= Hinduism
Hinduism is concentrated in
Confucianism
Is this technically a religion? Or a philosophy?
Based on teachings of Confucius (551 – 479 BC)
in China
Emphasized Chinese tradition of “li”
Propriety or correct behavior
Considered an ethnic religion b/c rooted in
traditional Chinese values
Along with Taoism and Buddhism, is one of
China’s “Three Teachings”
Shintoism
Distinctive ethnic religion of Japan
Consider forces of nature to be divine
Sun
Moon
Rivers
Mountains
Judaism
The first of the monotheistic religions (belief in
one god)
Has more recognition in Western civilization
because
other 2 “Abrahamic” religions are rooted in Judaism
Persecution of Jews throughout history, especially:
Jewish pogroms (organized persecution) in Russia
Holocaust of World War II
Partner up with someone RIGHT NEXT to
you. Move desks together.
Sort the cards into the 6 main religions on
earth.
each religion has 5 picture cards
Key Issue 2: Why do religions
have different distributions?
I. Origin of religions
A. Origin of universalizing religions
B. Origin of Hinduism
II. Diffusion of religions
A. Diffusion of universalizing religions
B. Lack of diffusion of ethnic religion
III. Calendars, Holy Sites and Cosmogony
Diffusion of Universalizing Religions
*
*
*
*
Please draw these
arrows on to your
map. Include a
key!
Which
universalizing
religion is still
dominant in its
hearth?
**
*
Fig. 6-4: Each of the three main universalizing religions diffused widely from its hearth.
Types of Diffusion
Relocation diffusion: the spread of a feature or trend
through bodily movement of people from one place to
another
Expansion diffusion: the spread of a feature or trend
among people from one area to another in a snowballing
process
Hierarchical diffusion: the spread of a feature or trend
from one key person (ruler; king; etc) or node of authority
or power to other persons or places
Contagious diffusion: the rapid, widespread diffusion of a
feature or trend throughout a population
Types of Diffusion
Diffusion of Christianity
1 : Relocation
st
-Paul of Tarsus
-Missionaries
Expansion
- 2nd: Hierarchical
-Adoption by
Roman Empire
and later kings in
Europe
- 3rd: Contagious
- Conversions
through contact
- Schools and
Trade
Fig. 6-5: Christianity diffused from Palestine through the Roman Empire and continued
diffusing through Europe after the fall of Rome. It was later replaced by Islam in
much of the Mideast and North Africa.
What helped the spread of
Christianity? (5 factors)
1. Idea that anyone could be Christian
2. Roman Infrastructure
Early believers took advantage of good roads and trade routes
3. Adoption by governments
Rome in 4th century – Emperor Constantine
European Royalty after fall of Rome Empire
4. Colonization
Spain and Portugal – Latin America
France – Quebec
Britain – North America and Sub-Saharan Africa
What helped the spread of
Christianity?
5. Provided Social Services
Education
Aid to poor
Aid to orphans, elderly, and sick
We still see this today, even locally
St. Edwards, St. Michaels, St. Stevens, etc.
Salvation Army, food pantries
Seton, St. Davids
Diffusion of Islam
1st: Expansion – Hierarchical
- Spread thru conquest
2nd: Relocation
- Spread thru missionaries
- Sub-Sahara Africa
3rd: Expansion – Contagious
- Spread thru contact
- Schools and trade
- Indonesia 13th cent
Fig. 6-6: Islam diffused rapidly and widely from its area of origin in Arabia. It
eventually stretched from southeast Asia to West Africa.
Why did Islam spread so rapidly?
1. Easy to learn and practice.
2. No priesthood.
3. Teaches equality.
People of the Book: refers to Jews & Christians b/c
of connection to Abraham
J & C could practice faith – only had to pay tax
(jizya)
4. Easily “portable”  nomads & trade
routes.
5. Jihad (“Holy War”) against pagans
and other non-believers (“infidels”).
Diffusion of Buddhism
Hierarchical Diffusion
- Asoka applied
teachings to
Magadhan Empire in
3rd century
Relocation and
Contagious Diffusion
-Trade along Silk
Roads
Fig. 6-7: Buddhism diffused gradually from its origin in northeastern India to Sri Lanka,
southeast Asia, and eventually China and Japan.
What aided Buddhism’s spread
throughout East Asia?
Less orthodox than Islam or Christianity
Stresses individual path
One can be a good Buddhist and a good
Confucian, Shinto, etc.
People did not have to give up their local,
ethnic religion.
Shintoism and Buddhism in
Japan
Fig. 6-8: Since Japanese can be both Shinto and Buddhist, there are
many areas in Japan where over two-thirds of the population
are both Shinto and Buddhist.
Diffusion of Ethnic Religions
Little diffusion from original area
Generally no missionaries
Ties to geography of region limit practicality of
practicing faith outside of region of origin
Diffusion of universalizing religions come at the
expense of ethnic religions
Judaism, the exception
Diaspora (forced migration)
Variations in Distribution of
Religions (2)
1. Holy places
Holy places in universalizing religions
Holy places in ethnic religions
2. The calendar
The calendar in ethnic religions
The calendar in universalizing religions
Holy Places
Ethnic
Derive from distinctive
physical environment
Pilgrimages
Taken to view physical
features
Universalizing
Derive from the life of
founder
Pilgrimages
Islam
Hinduism*
Jerusalem
Fig. 6-14: The Old City of Jerusalem contains holy sites for Judaism, Christianity,
and Islam.
Islam’s 3rd Holiest Site
Judaism’s Holiest Site
Christian
Church of the Holy Sepulcher
Christians do not emphasis
pilgrimages to the same extent as
Muslims and Buddhists.
Yet, there are locations associated
with the life of Jesus.
Chapel of the Ascension
• Sacred for Christians and Muslims
Traditional site of Golgotha –
place of crucifixion
Variations in Buddhist temples reflect
local culture. Usually contain a relic of
the Buddha
Thailand
China
Zen Buddhist
temple in
Japan
Aerial view of Angkor Wat – built
in the 1100s to honor Hindu god
Vishnu, then used as a Buddhist
temple
Mecca, Islam’s Holiest City
Fig. 6-10: Makkah (Mecca) is the holiest city in Islam and is the site of pilgrimage for
millions of Muslims each year. There are numerous holy sites in the city.
Sikhism’s Darbar
Sahid or “Golden
Temple”
Located in Amritsar, Punjab,
India (NW India)
Holiest structure
Symbol of freedom and independence
Hindu Holy Places
Any location believed to be connected to a
god
- Coastlines and River banks
- Ganges River (Goddess Ganga)
-Mountain
Pilgrimage to holy site, a tirtha, is an act of
purification
Fig. 6-11: Hierarchy of Hindu holy places: Some sites are holy to Hindus throughout India;
others have a regional or sectarian importance, or are important only locally.
Rishikesh – located in northern India;
site of pilgrimage for many Hindus.
Bathing in the Ganges River is seen as
an act of purification
Gathering for evening prayers during a festival at Hardwar, in northern
India on the Ganges River.
Mount Fuji – one of
the sacred sites of
Shintoism.
Uluru (Ayers Rock) in Northern Territory, Australia
Sacred site for the Aboriginals
Mato Tipila (Devil’s Tower) in Wyoming
Sacred site for the Lakota Sioux, Cheyenne, and Kiowa tribes
Cosmogony and Organization of
Time and Space
Cosmogony – set of religious beliefs concerning
the origin of the universe
Views of Nature
Ethnic religions – controlled by nature
Universalizing religions – control of nature
Calendars
Ethnic
Celebrate seasons
and lunar cycle
Solstice, Harvests
Examples
Judaism: Sukkot
(harvest), Pesach
(Passover/ first
harvest)
Hinduism: Diwali
(first new moon)
Universalizing
Holidays mark
significant events in
life of founder(s)
Christian: Christmas,
Easter
Islam: Ramadan, Hajj,
Ashura
NOTE: Islam does use
a lunar calendar, but
not agricultural
(seasons)