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Robert Wade AP World History Bryan Adams High School Early Human Migrations Sculpture from the Americas Origins of the Peoples of the Americas? Major Pre-Columbian Civilizations Lands of the Mayans The Yucatan Peninsula Classical Mayan Cutlure 50+ city states written language, calendar, mathematics, astronomy – Dec. 22, 2016 monumental architecture neolithic technology Cities as Religious Centers Tikal, Copan, Palenque, Chichen Itza 30,-80,000 people intensive agriculture dense population Mayan collapse 700-900 A.D. invasion from the north? Warfare between cities environmental collapse? Mayan Collapse most cities vanished “Mexicanized”groups took over some cities rise of the Toltecs – area of Teotihuacan Chichen-Itza - Pyramid Chichen-Itza - Observatory Chichen-Itza - Ball Court Mayan Cultivation of Maize Chac, God of Rain Mayan Underground Granaries: Chultunes Overview of Tikal (Guatemala) Temple of the Masks Tikal Jungle View at Sunset Tikal - Main Court Tikal: Temple of the Masks Tikal - Wall Mask of the Rain God Mayan Glyphs sky king house Mayan Mathematics child city Mayan Glyphs Mayan Drinking Cup for Chocolate Pakal: The Maya Astronaut Quetzalcoatl: The God of Wisdom & Learning New Cultures appearance of new peoples in central America Toltecs Aztecs The Toltecs adopted sedentary agricultural practices added a strong military and imperial culture – conquest of neighboring peoples ritual wars – war....capture...sacrifice “givers of civilization” Toltec empire central Mexico expansion into former Mayan territories northern Mexico – trade with the American Southwest – Chaco Canyon ??? Quetzalcoatl The Feathered Serpent Topiltzin: a priest – religious reformer – opposed to human and animal sacrifice exiled to the east, with a promise to return on a specific date same year as Cortez and the Conquistadors The Aztecs collapse of the Toltecs: 1150 A.D. influx of nomadic invaders form the north shift of power to central Mexico – large lakes – fertile agricultural areas contests for control The Aztecs: Origins obscure background claimed to have live in the area originally exiled to the north to Aztlan actually, nomads from the North took advantage of the Toltec collapse wrote history to suit their purposes Origins group who settled near Lake Texcoco 1325 A.D. competed with other Chichimec immigrants small states – claiming connections to the Toltecs – speaking Nahuatl Lake Texcoco several tribes small city-state Azcapotzalco, Culhuacan Culhuacan: control by diplomatic marriage complex alliances, constantly shifting Aztecs new group used as mercenaries and occasional allies constant movement around the lake shore – driven by stronger powers reputation: good warriors and religious fanatics Aztec Settlement the legend: an eagle on a cactus, holding a rattlesnake an island in Lake Texcoco Tenochtitlan – 1325 A.D. – Tlateloco: a second settlement Aztec expansion more active role in regional politics rebelled against Azcapotzalco emerged as an independent power political merge: 1434 – Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, Tlacopan – Aztecs dominated the alliance Social and Political Change imperial expansion subject peoples paid tribute, surrender land, and do military service stratified society – under the authority of a supreme ruler – Tlacaelel: advised rulers and rewrote histories – the Aztecs had been chosen to serve the gods human sacrifice greatly expanded Human sacrifice role of the military role of expansion flower wars means of political terrorism cult of sacrifice united with the political state Religion and Conquest little distinction between the natural and supernatural traditional gods and goddesses 128 major deities Gods male/female dualism different manifestations five aspects – four directions – the center gods as patrons complex ceremonial year Gods, con’t gods of fertility and agriculture gods of creation – cosmology and philosophical thought gods of warfare Huitzilopochtli: their tribal deity – identified with the Sun God The Sun God and Sacrifice a warrior in the daytime sky fighting to give life to the world enemy of the forces of night the sun needs strength 52 year cycle of the world – required blood to avert destruction The Sun God, con’t sacrifice for sacrifice the gods need nourishment – human blood and hearts adoption of longstanding human sacrifice expansion to “industrial” proportions – 10,000 people on one occasion The Empire: the Economy high population density combination of tradition and innovation – chinampas – 20,000 acres – four crops a year food as tribute The Empire: the Economy high population density combination of tradition and innovation – chinampas – 20,000 acres – four crops a year food as tribute Lands of the Aztecs Aztec View of Tenochtitlan Ruins of the City Center, Tenochtitlan The Codex Mendoza : The Founding of Tenochtitlan Tenochtitlan: The “Venice” of the Americas Aztec Chinampa or Floating Garden: 15ft. to 30ft. wide Tenochtitlan - Chinampas Aztec Writing Aztec Math Aztec Sun Stone -- Calendar Aztec Sun Motifs Aztec Codex (15c Manuscript) The Aztecs Were Fierce Warriors Aztecs Sacrifice Neighboring Tribes to the Sun God Heart Sacrifice on an Aztec Temple Pyramid Wall of Skulls, Tenochtitlan Sacrificial Statue, Tenochtitlan Aztec Gold South America: the Incas Cuzco: original home – 1350 A.D. expansion by 1438 Incan empire – ruled 10-13 million people Religion and expansion cult of ancestors “split inheritance” – position to successor – land and wealth to descendants to care for the dead new land necessary for each ruler Religion animism sun worship The Empire four provinces decimal organizations Ouechua: the official language colonists The Empire con’t infrastructure: roads and bridges communications by runners – 10,000 purpose: land and labor little actual tribute Inca “socialism” empire claimed all resources redistributed them evenly to all peoples local independence access to new goods and services Weakness top-heavy with royal and noble families low level of technology easy prey for the Spanish Lands of the Incas Cuzco: Ancient Capital of the Inca (11,000 ft. above sea level) Machu Picchu Machu Picchu Incan Suspension Bridges Incan Terrace Farming Incan Digging Sticks Maize in Incan Pottery & Gold Work Over 100 Different Types of Potatoes Cultivated by the Incans Produce from a Typical Incan Market Incan Ceramic Jars Peanut Cacao God Potato Cacao Pod Squash The Quipu: An Incan Database Incan Mummies Inca Gold & Silver