Download CHAPTER 12, Section 2

Chapter 12 - RECONSTRUCTION
1865-1877
SECTION 1
RECONSTRUCTION
PLANS
Chapter 12, Sec 1
RECONSTRUCTION – rebuilding after the Civil War
LINCOLN’S PLAN - moderate policy (10% PLAN)
 Proclamation of Amnesty & Reconstruction
He offered a pardon to all Southerners who took an
oath of loyalty to the U.S. & accepted the Union’s
proclamations concerning slavery.
 When 10% of a state’s voters in the 1860 presidential
election had taken this oath, they could organize a new
state government.
Chapter 12, Sec 1

Radical Republicans!
Wanted to change the South.
Leaders – Thaddeus Stevens & Charles Sumner

THREE MAIN GOALS
1.
Prevent leaders of the Confederacy from
returning to power after the war.
Wanted the Republican Party to become
powerful institution in the South.
Wanted the federal government to help African
Americans achieve political equality by
guaranteeing their right to vote in the South.
2.
3.
Chapter 12, Sec 1

1.
2.
3.
WADE-DAVIS BILL -Moderate Republicans
Majority of all adult white men in a former
Confederate state to take an oath of allegiance
to the Union.
State could then hold a constitutional
convention to create a new state government.
Each state’s convention would then have to
abolish slavery, reject all debts the state had
acquired as part of the Confederacy, & deprive
all former Confederate government officials and
military officers of the right to vote or hold
office.
Chapter 12, Sec 1
FREEDMEN’S BUREAU
1. Fed and clothed war refugees in the South
using surplus army supplies.
2. Helped formerly enslaved people find work on
plantations & negotiated labor contracts with
planters.
3. Established special courts to deal with grievances
between workers and planters.
Note: The bureau also worked closely with Northern
charities to educate formerly enslaved African
Americans and it provided housing for schools,
paid teachers, & helped to establish colleges for
training African American teachers.
CHAPTER 12, Section 2
CONGRESSIONAL
RECONSTRUCTION
Chapter 12, Sec 1
I. ANDREW JOHNSON – Southerner (TN)
A. Became president when Lincoln
was killed.
B. Johnson’s plan:
1. Pardon to former Confederates who
took the oath of loyalty and return their
property to them.
2. Former Confederate officers & officials & those who
owned more than $20,000 of property were excluded;
they could apply directly to the president for a pardon.
3. States had to call a convention, revoke secession, ratify
the 13th Amendment, & reject all Civil War debts.
Chapter 12, Sec 1
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Chapter 12, Sec 2
II. Radical Republicans Take Control.
A. Civil Rights Act of 1866 – granted
Citizenship to all persons born or
Naturalized in the U.S. (except
Native Americans)!!!!
B. The Fourteenth Amendment –
1. Grants citizenship to all persons
born or naturalized in the U.S.
2. Forbids states from depriving
any person of life, liberty, or property
without due process of law.
3. Provides equal protection
of the law.
Chapter 12, Sec 2
C. Election of 1866 –
Republicans (Johnson) win an
overwhelming victory – 3-1 majority.
D. MILITARY RECONSTRUCTION.
1. MILITARY RECONSTRUCTION ACT
(Congressional Republicans passed this act that
wiped out Johnson’s programs!!)
This act divided the former Confederacy
into five military districts with a Union
general in charge of each district.
Chapter 12, Sec 2
Five Military Districts
Chapter 12, Sec 2
• Military Reconstruction Act
1. Each former Confederate state had to
hold another constitutional convention
to design a constitution acceptable to
Congress.
2. New state constitutions had to grant the
right to vote to all adult male citizens,
regardless of race.
3. After ratification of the new constitution,
states had to ratify the 14th Amendment.
Chapter 12, Sec 2
2. By the end of 1868, six former
Confederate states had been readmitted
to the Union – NC, SC, FL, AL, LA, & AR.
Chapter 12, Sec 2
E. IMPEACHMENT. Johnson had
charges brought against him because he
challenged the TENURE OF OFFICE ACT
when he fired Secretary of War Stanton.
He was charged with “high crimes and
misdemeanors.” AND he had fired four
military commanders in the South which
the Republicans felt undermined
the Reconstruction Program.
He was not convicted.
Chapter 12, Sec 2
F. THE ELECTION OF 1868
Republican Candidate –
Grant WON!!
G. THE FIFTEENTH AMENDMENT
the right to vote “shall
NOT be denied…on account
of race, color, or previous
condition of servitude.”
Chapter 12, Sec 2
EXPANDING THE NATION
Under President Johnson, Secretary of
State Seward bought Alaska from Russia
for $7.2 million. At first it was called
“Seward’s Icebox,”
but later it became
valuable because
of its oil and gold.
CHAPTER 12, Sec 3
REPUBLICAN RULE
IN THE SOUTH
CARPETBAGGERS AND
SCALAWAGS
Carpetbaggers – Northerners who moved
South; many came with suitcases made of
carpet fabric. Southerners felt that they
were intruders taking advantage of the
South.
• SCALAWAGS – an old Scotch-Irish term
for weak, underfed, worthless animals.
They were white Southerners who worked
with the Republicans & supported
Reconstruction.
Chapter 12, Sec 3
AFRICAN AMERICANS enter politics!
• Some became legislators; others became
administrators in the government.
• Some were elected to local government
positions such as mayor or police chief.
• No African American was
ever elected governor.
1st Black U.S.
Senator
Chapter 12, Sec 3
REPUBLICAN REFORMS in the SOUTH.
1. Repealed the Black Codes.
2. Made more state offices elective.
3. Established state hospitals.
4. Established institutions for orphans, the
hearing & visually impaired, & mentally ill.
5. Rebuilt roads, bridges, railways & provided
funds for new industry in the South.
6. Established a new system of public schools.
HOWEVER – many Republicans were not honest.
GRAFT (gaining money illegally) was common.
Chapter 12, Sec 3
AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITIES
• EDUCATION – By 1876, 40% of African American
children attended school in the South.
• Fisk University (TN),
• Atlanta University (GA),
• and Morehouse College (GA)
were new African American
colleges.
Chapter 12, Sec 3
CHURCHES and SOCIAL
ORGANIZATIONS
• Churches served as the center of most
African American communities.
• Churches housed schools and social
activities.
• Churches often acted as unofficial courts
by promoting social values, settling
disputes and disciplining people.
Chapter 12, Sec 3
The Ku Klux Klan
• Secret society started in 1866 by former
Confederate soldiers in Pulaski, TN.
• GOAL – to drive out the Union troops &
carpetbaggers; regain control of the
South for the Democratic Party.
Chapter 12, Sec 3
• Republicans & African Americans formed
their own groups and fought back.
• The Enforcement Acts –
1. Made it a federal crime to interfere
with a citizen’s right to vote.
2. Put federal elections under the
supervision of federal marshals.
3. KKK Act - outlawed the activities of
the klan.
Chapter 12, SECTION 4
RECONSTRUCTION COLLAPSES
C 12, Sec 4
I. The Grant Administration
Little political experience!
A. Republicans controlled Congress
1. Kept tariffs HIGH
2. Tightened banking regulations
3. Promised to repay debts with
gold and not paper money
4. increased federal spending on RR, port facilities,
& the national postal system.
5. Kept “sin taxes” (alcohol/tobacco)
B. Liberal Republicans – pulled away from the
Republicans because they did not want Grant to be
president again – nominated Horace Greeley.
C 12, Sec 4
C. Scandals in Grant’s Second Term
A. William Belknap – Sec of War, accepted
bribes – resigned.
B. Whiskey Ring - 1875 –
gov. officials & distillers in
St. Louis cheated the gov. out
of millions by filling false tax reports.
D. The Panic of 1873 – caused by bad railroad
investments that forced a banking
firm to declare bankruptcy. This caused small
banks to close the Stock Market to plummet and
businesses to shut down causing
unemployment.
C 12, Sec 4
II. RECONSTRUCTION ENDS
A. Democrats “REDEEM” the South!
Democrats were able to win back the support of white
owners of small farms who had backed Republicans by
appealing to the white racism and making it a white/black
struggle.
B. The Turning Point – The Compromise of 1877
1. Election of 1876 –
Republicans – Nominated Rutherford B. Hayes
(wanted to end Radical Reconstruction).
Democrats – Nominated Samuel Tilden
C 12, Sec 4
2. Tilden – 184 electoral votes (1 short of a
majority.)
Hayes - 165 electoral votes
20 votes are in dispute.
3. Congress appointed a commission of 15
made up of the House, Senate, & Supreme
Court. (8 Republicans, 7 Democrats)
4. Hayes won, but many thought a deal had
been made, but never proved.
Chapter 12, Sec 4
5. April 1877 – Hayes pulled
troops out of the South.
RECONSTRUCTION was over
and the Democrats REDEEMED the South.
III. A “NEW SOUTH” Arises.
Henry Grady, editor of the
Atlanta Constitution created this phrase –
the South had to develop a strong
industrial economy.
C 12, Sec 4 – Hayes with his Secretary
of the Interior in the White House.
C 12, Sec 4
A. NEW INDUSTRIES.
1. Northern capital helped rebuild railroads.
2. Iron and Steel – Birmingham, AL
3. Tobacco processing – North Carolina
4. Cotton Mills appeared in towns.
5. HOWEVER, the South remained
mainly agrarian.
Chapter 12, Sec 4
6. For many African Americans the end of
Reconstruction meant a return to the
“OLD SOUTH” where they had little political
power and were forced to labor under
difficult and unfair conditions.
Chapter 12, Sec 4
B. African Americans worked as:
1. Tenant Farmers – paid rent for the
land they farmed.
Chapter 12, Sec 4
2. Sharecroppers – did not pay their rent in
cash; instead, they paid a share of their crops
to cover rent as well as the cost of the seed,
fertilizer, tools, & animals they needed.
Chapter 12, Sec 4
3. Furnishing Merchants.
Provided sharecroppers with the
supplies they needed on credit but at interest
rates often as high as 40 percent.
Crop liens – Merchants could take some
crops to cover their debts.
Debt peonage – trapped sharecroppers.
Chapter 12, Sec 4
The Civil War ended slavery.
BUT
Many African Americans were trapped in economic
circumstances where they lost much of their
newly gained freedom.