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Chapter 12
The Civil War
Section 1
From Bull Run to
Antietam
The First Battle of Bull Run
• The battle was fought
near the town of
Manassas.
• The South won the battle.
• A crowd of people had
come to watch the battle.
• When the North started to
lose, the soldiers
retreated.
• The soldiers began to run
over the people who had
come to watch.
Strengths and Weaknesses
• The North:
– 2x the South’s railroad.
– 2x the South’s factories.
– The economy was
balanced between
business and agriculture.
– They already had a working
government, army, and
navy.
– 2/3 of the nation’s
population lived in the
North
• The South:
– A majority of the nation’s
trained officers were from
the South.
• This means that the South
had much better military
leadership.
– The South only had to
defend itself, it did not
have to attack.
– The South was fighting to
preserve its way of life.
Military Strategies
• The North:
– Designed by Winfield
Scott, it was to blockade
the South and use
troops and gunboats to
take control of the
Mississippi River until it
was pressured to give
up.
– It was called the
“Anaconda Plan”.
• The South:
– Prepare and wait. The South
was willing to fight a war of
attrition.
• This backfired because of the
North’s advantages.
– The South tried to get Europe
involved in the war by not
shipping cotton.
– They thought Europe would
join the war to restore the flow
of cotton.
• This backfired because Europe
went to India and Egypt to get
their cotton.
The War in the West
• Any battles fought in
Arkansas, Louisiana,
Mississippi, and
Tennessee.
• The battles of Fort Henry,
Fort Donelson, and Shiloh
were all Union victories.
• The Battle of Shiloh
removed any illusions
about war being glorious
and destroyed the North’s
hopes of quickly beating
the South.
• These battles were fought
for control of the
Mississippi River.
Monitor v. Merrimack
• These were the first two
ironclad warships.
• The Merrimack fought
for the South.
• The Monitor fought for
the North.
• They both fought once
for several hours and
inflicted minimal damage
upon each other.
War in the East
• The Battle of Seven
Pines, Seven Days, and
the Second Battle of Bull
Run were all fought in the
East.
• Robert E. Lee took over
control of the Southern
Army after the Battle of
Seven Pines.
• The South won the Seven
Days Battle and the
Second Battle of Bull
Run.
Robert E. Lee
• He was offered the
command of the Northern
army by Lincoln.
• He turned it down
because of his loyalty to
Virginia.
• He took command of the
Southern army in May of
1862.
• His soldiers were
extremely loyal to him.
• After the war, he served
as the president of what
is now Washington and
Lee University.
The Battle of Antietam
• The two armies met at
Sharpsburg, Maryland,
on September 17,1862.
• In the first three hours of
fighting, 12,000 soldiers
from both sides were
either killed or wounded.
• The North won the battle,
but failed to chase down
the southern army and
destroy it.
• It was the bloodiest day
of the Civil War.
Section 2
Life Behind the
Lines
Emancipation Proclamation
• It was signed into law on
January 1, 1863.
• It freed those slaves that
were in Confederate
controlled lands.
– That means that it did
nothing.
• The Emancipation along
with Lee’s defeat at
Antietam ended any
hope that the South had
of gaining support from
Europe.
African Americans
• At the beginning of the
war, African Americans
were not allowed to join
the Union Army.
• By the end of the war,
nearly 180,000 had
served.
• African Americans
accounted for almost
10% of the total Union
Army population.
Medical Conditions
• Soldiers were 3x more
likely to die in camp or in
a hospital that they were
to die on the field of
battle.
• Surgeons often went for
days without cleaning
their tools.
• You could often times
find large piles of
amputated body parts
near the hospital tents.
• About 2x as many
soldiers died from
disease as from enemy
fire.
Section 3
The Tide of War Turns
The Battle of Chancellorsville
• The two armies met
outside of the town of
Chancellorsville on May
1, 1863.
• Lee split his army and
handily defeated the
Union.
• It was Lee’s greatest and
costliest victory.
– Lee’s second in command,
General “Stonewall”
Jackson, was accidentally
shot by his own men.
– Jackson would die a few
days later from his
wounds.
The Battle of Gettysburg
• On July 1, 1863 the threeday battle began.
• The Union won the battle.
• It was the bloodiest battle
of the Civil War.
• It was also the turning
point of the war.
The Battle of Vicksburg
• The Union established a siege of the city of Vicksburg,
Mississippi in May of 1863.
• The siege lasted for two months.
• On July 4, 1863 John Pemberton surrendered the city.
• Four days later Fort Hudson surrendered.
• This gave the Union total control of Mississippi River
and split the South in two.
The Gettysburg Address
• On November 19, 1863
Abraham Lincoln gave
the Gettysburg Address.
• The speech was given to
honor the men who had
fallen in the battle.
• Lincoln also explained
the meaning of the Civil
War.
• “…and that government
of the people, by the
people, for the people,
shall not perish from the
earth.”
– This statement is not a part
of the Constitution.
Section 4
A New Birth of
Freedom
William Tecumseh Sherman
• He becomes the western
Union commander when
Ulysses S. Grant is put in
charge of the eastern
Union army.
• He was the man who
ordered the burning of
Atlanta.
• After burning Atlanta, he
went on a 300-mile march
across Georgia to
Savannah.
• This is known as the
“March to the Sea”.
William Tecumseh Sherman
• After capturing
Savannah, Sherman took
his army north through
South Carolina.
• They left almost nothing
standing in their path.
• After the war, Sherman
came up with the idea of
40 acres and a mule.
– This was not a government
policy.
The Election of 1864
• By reelecting
Lincoln, voters not
only showed their
approval of his war
policy, but also
their increasing
acceptance of his
stand against
slavery.
The 13th Amendment
• The amendment
ended slavery in
the US forever.
• It was ratified by
the states and
became law on
December 6,1865.
Surrender at Appomattox
• On April 9, 1865, Lee
surrendered to Grant in a
courthouse in the town of
Appomattox, Virginia.
• Grant refused to let his
men celebrate the
Southern defeat because,
“the rebels are our
countrymen again.”
Lincoln’s Assassination
• On April 14, 1865,
John Wilkes
Booth
assassinated
Abraham Lincoln
at Ford’s Theatre
in Washington
D.C.
• Lincoln did not
live to see the
official end of the
war.