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Events leading to Civil War Events of the Civil War Dorman U.S. History Wilmot Proviso • How will new territory (gained from Mexican cession) enter the United States? • Congressman David Wilmot from Pennsylvania wanted to prevent slavery from expanding. • Northern dominated House of Representatives passed the law, Senate voted it down. • Demonstrates the conflict, once again! Wilmot Proviso • Led to a split in political parties: – Democrats • Northern supported law • Southern against it – Whigs • Northern • Southern • Most candidates in the 1848 elections tried to avoid it the issue of slavery Mexican Cession Compromise of 1850 •Dispute broke out in Congress about whether or not California would be admitted as a free state or slave state. •The death of Calhoun and President Taylor allowed congress to come to a compromise, they were both supporters of slave states. President Taylor: supported slavery and opposed California admitting as a free state John Calhoun: supported slavery, senator of South Carolina The 5 components of the compromise 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. California was admitted as a free state Popular sovereignty was applied to the territory obtained by Mexico Texas surrendered its claims on New Mexico for $10 million from the federal government to settle debts Slave trade was prohibited in D.C. Fugitive slave act: stated that any private citizen that assisted a runaway/ fugitive slave could be fined or imprisoned D.C. had one of the largest slave ports in the U.S. Personality Liberty Laws Hayley Birmingham • • • • • Problem/Goal- An increasing federal intervention in the affairs of the independent states and slavery. Participants/Key Players- Northern States and William Lloyd Garrison (abolitionist) Where- Washington D.C. Congress When- After the Compromise of 1850 Key Episodes/Events-The statutes nullified the Fugitive Slave Act and allowed the state to arrest slave catchers for kidnapping. -Garrison said “Nothing less than… a Revolution for the Government of this country.” Personality Liberty Laws Hayley Birmingham -Imprisoned African Americans could go to court for their release. Judges were paid $10 dollars to side with the owner and only got $5 dollars if they sided with a slave on their release. • Resolution/Outcome- Black Americans that were caught before the law was passed despised it. Slaves, fugitives, and free black people plotted and carried out resistance. • Theme/Lesson- America only wanted to put little effort and work into a big issue. Personality Liberty Laws Hayley Birmingham Anthony Burns: Anthony was a slave that escaped to Boston and found work. He sent a letter to his brother back in Virginia, who was still a slave and his owner confiscated it. The owner sent men out to capture Anthony and bring him back to the Plantation. A black minister tried to purchase him but the U.S. attorney refused. There were many people watching the troops escorting him from freedom back to slavery. Political Parties of the 1850’s Problem: Slavery – Opposing viewpoints Goal: Unite the Nation Key Events/Political Parties Compromise of 1850 – Whig party began to die out Know-Nothings (the American Party): 1. Opposed to immigration 2. Joined by antislavery Whigs 3. Took a proslavery platform in 1856 Free-Soil Party: 1. Formed by antislavery Democrats and Whigs 2. Absorbed into the new Republican Party Republican Party rises in 1854 mainly in opposition to slavery Kenleigh Stevens Political Parties of the 1850’s Free Soil Party: Main leaders were Martin Van Buren and Charles F. Adams Outcome: Democrat & Republican Party Theme: Political parties can help to deal with opposing viewpoints, but can also fuel a divide in a nation. Chris Talbert Goal! The goal of the underground railroad was to help Southern Slaves escape from slavery. A more long term/indirect goal was to loosen the mental hold slave owners had over slaves at that time. Tha Ballers! Harriet Tubam was a vital baller in the Underground Railroad. Tubman conducted over twenty-four expeditions to the South to free her enslaved brethren. She even freed her parents. Her expeditions alone resulted in the liberation of hundreds of slaves, she was never caught. Henry “Box” Brown was a slave who shipped himself from Richmond to Philadelphia in a wooden box. He became a public advocate for the abolition of slavery henceforth. Fredrick Douglas, an escaped slave, was a highly educated and well receive individual. He spoke about equality for all people, men, women, Blacks, Asians. His most famous quote being, “I would write with any body to do right and no one to do wrong.” Outcome! The actions of those operating under this infamous yet highly influential/beneficial organization are quite miraculous. Those who participated freed hundreds of slaves and weakened the institution of slavery in the South. In addition to these factors this gave new hope to slaves who had not yet been freed that one day soon, they would see the light. Uncle Tom’s Cabin Problem/Goal Uncle Tom’s Cabin was a piece of literature that’s goal was to bring attention to slavery in true detail. When & Where Connecticut 1852 Participants/Key Players Author of book: Harriet Beecher Stowe Stowe was an abolitionist and an author who published more than 20 books. Uncle Tom’s Cabin Key Episodes/Events The book told of the life of African-Americans under slavery and first hand events that depicted the hardships and struggles of life as a slave. Resolution/Outcome it reached millions as a novel and play, and became influential in the United States and United Kingdom. It energized anti-slavery forces in the American North, while provoking widespread anger in the South. The Book sold over 300,000 copies in its first year and was the best selling book of the 19th century. Theme/Lesson Slavery was fully exposed to the public in great detail which caused many to rally against it building on feud between the North and South. Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) Goal - to create the possibility for slavery in Kansas and Nebraska territories using popular sovereignty Nebraska/ Kansas Territory Kansas-Nebraska Act Key events - Senator Stephen Douglas introduced a bill for the setting up of an government in the Nebraska territory • Under this bill the people in the Nebraska territory would use popular sovereignty to decide whether or not to allow slavery or outlaw slavery when applying for statehood • The South feared that Nebraska would enter as a free state, so Douglas amended to divide Nebraska territory into two territories: Kansas territory and Nebraska territory Kansas-Nebraska Act Result – In the spring of 1854, Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Kansas territory entered as a slave state while Nebraska entered as a free state. Theme – The Kansas-Nebraska Act nullified the Missouri Compromise of 1850, by allowing slavery to spread in areas that had been free for 30+ years • This Act was meant for uniting of the nation but instead caused further division; led to the creation of the Republican party Bleeding Kansas • The Kansas-Nebraska act meant that popular sovereignty would determine whether Kansas entered as a slave state or not • Settlers from both sides began to flood Kansas Bleeding Kansas • Two governments were established. One was pro-slave and one was anti-slave. • Pro-slave settlers attacked anti-slave settlement of Lawrence • In retaliation, abolitionist John Brown executes 5 pro-slave settlers Bleeding Kansas • Many violent outbreaks occur over period of years • Senator Sumner is beaten in the senate after insulting an absent senator Sumner Vs. Brooks • In 1856 in Kansas, Massachusetts Brooks beats Sumer with a wooden cane until its broken in the chambers. • Sumer insulted his uncle Andrew Butler about supporting slavery when he was absent of Sumner’s speech. • Butler, Brooks, and Sumer were Democratic Congressman from South Carolina . Sumner vs. Brooks • Brooks resigned from congress but later reelected until he died. • Sumer also returned three years later until he died. Scott v. Sanford1857 African-American slave, Dred Scott argued free status. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney upheld property rights over slaves. Scott’s owner John Sanford claimed no slave could achieve U.S Citizenship. Further separated North and South. Key Events • Residence of slaves in free soil states does not enable free man status • Owners right to property • Slaves are property not citizens • Congress cannot ban slavery- • 5th Amendment- requires just compensation if private property is taken • “Free Soil” federal laws and Missouri Compromise line of 1820 declared unconstitutional- robbed slave owners of “Property Rights” • Americans of African descendent cannot use court system Lincoln-Douglas Debates Sophie Randleman Participants: -Abraham Lincoln -Republican -Stephen A. Douglas -Democrat Where? A city from each district in Illinois When? 1858 The Problem: Lincoln and Douglas both had dissenting opinions on slavery. Both men were running for the same position: a seat in the US Senate for Illinois. Key Events: – A series of seven debates took place between Lincoln and Douglas. – Lincoln was for the defense of slaves and their rights; Douglas took sides with slavery and letting each state have the right to choose their own position. – The debates in Freeport, Quincy, and Alton drew large crowds from other places besides Illinois. – The debates created a huge amount of newspaper coverage throughout the state. – The states mainly covered slavery and its expansion into the new territories. Resolution: – Douglas won the election by a very small amount. – Lincoln did lose the election; however, he “won” a large group of followers that would eventually help him out in the next national election. Harper’s Ferry • Harpers Ferry was a raid led by John Brown in Harper’s Ferry, Virginia in 1859. • John Brown got 21, including 5 free African American men to go to Harpers Ferry and seize the federal arsenal. • John Brown hoped to inspire slaves to join his revolution that would destroy slavery in the south. Harper’s Ferry • John Browns attempt ended in failure and not many slaves were ready to join the revolution. • One day after the raid started U.S. marines surrounded John Browns Fort and when John Brown refused to surrender they quickly over took the fort and captured John Brown and his raiders. • Eventually John Browns revolution ended in failure as well. • John Brown was later found and arrested with several others, later he was hanged. The Election Of 1860 John Raynor • • The Democrats held there convention in Charleston, NC where the southern democrats wanted to support the federal protection of slavery in the territories. The Democrats were in 2 parties The northern and the southern. Stephen Douglas was nominated by the northern, and John Breckinridge from Kentucky was nominated by the southern. Breckinridge wanted to expand slavery in the territories. The Republicans held there convention in Chicago, where they nominated 1. 1. Abraham Lincoln of Illinois. At first a politician named William Seward was favored to win but when people kept worrying about how his antislavery views were to radical the convention went with Lincoln. • The outcome of the election was Lincoln wins and becomes president and he wins because of his many good debating skills, his views for moderation and his reputation for integrity. South Carolina Secession/Formation of CSA •Goal- Southern Slave States secede. •Lincoln was voted without south involved. •Seceded in Charleston, SC. •SC left December 20, 1860. •CSA formed in February of 1861. •11 States including SC, GA, TX, VA, MISS, FL, TN, AR, NC, AL, LA. Confederate States of America Secession Cont. Key Events-February of 1861 seven states seceded from the union. -Created new government with new constitution. -Hoped for a compromise. -MISS. Senator Jefferson DavisPresident. -Alexander Stephens- Vice President Jefferson Davis Alexander Stephens Secession Cont. Outcome/Resolution: -The outcome that followed the secession was that the southern states had no longer interacted with the northern states. -Civil War -Crittenden Compromise. Theme/Lesson: -The lesson from this secession created the United States to be where it is today. Without this war we may not have been where we are today. We learned that we need to stay together and work together as a country forever. Crittenden Compromise • Where: Southern United States • When: December 18, 1860 • Goal: – Aimed to resolve the succession crisis during 18601861. – Addressed varying grievances which made southern states debate succession. – Slavery below Missouri compromise line would not be restricted by federal government. • Participants: – Kentucky Senator, John Crittenden, a geographical distinction for division of slavery – Lincoln opposed this compromise Compromise Cont.. • Key Episodes: – Confederate states of America was formed *Stressed individual state power: ability to secede from the union – Federal government would have no say in slavery below 36 parallel. – Lincoln along with the House and Senate opposed this idea. – “You think slavery is right and ought to be extended, while we think it is wrong, and ought to be restricted.”-Quote from Lincoln Resolution/Outcome: – Compromise wasn’t passed – By January 19th, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia all seceded from the union • Theme/Lesson: – Rejection of compromise → Lead to civil war Senator John Crittenden Assail-1.Make a concerted or violent attack on st 1 Battle of Bull Run By: Omar Hutchinson Location • Manassas, Virginia • July 21st, 1861 Problem/Goal • General Scott wanted to advance on the South before training his unprepared troops. • Scott ordered General Irvin McDowell to advance on Confederate troops stationed at Manassas, Virginia. • Attack was to be held on July 21, 1861, before the confederates sent reinforcements Key Episodes/Events • The North and South met at Bull Run • Union gained upper hand in the beginning of the battle • Confederate Jackson called upon reinforcements giving south the advantage of winning the battle • Northern troops retreated back to Washington • Jackson won the Battle for the south giving him the nickname ‘Stonewall Jackson’ Important Figures during Battle • General Scott • wash. General McDowell; Fought for the North lost battle retreat; • Gained Victory for South • Became known as Stonewall Jackson Outcome • South advances on the North; Sending north back to Washington in retreat. Antietam Battle • In September 1862, General Robert lee planed to invade Maryland. • George McClellan finds a lost copy of Lee’s plan and goes to stop him • Lee wanted to get closer to the capital , so he can attack Washington D.C Antietam Battle • Lee selects the Potomac river as a battleground • The 1st four hours of fighting was in 30 acres of cornfield. • McClellan had head on attacks against Lee’s center with is called the bloody lane. • The Battle of Antietam is considered a draw from a military point of view • Abraham Lincoln claimed it as a victory. Emancipation Proclamation Sabrina Smith 5 W’s ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ Who? ∆ Frederick Douglas and William Garrison- Two abolitionists who strongly advised Lincoln to do some thing regarding the abolishment of Slavery. ∆ Abraham Lincoln- President at the time. Passed the Emancipation Proclamation. What? ∆ Lincoln passed the Emancipation Proclamation to free all slaves during the Civil War. When? ∆ September 22, 1862 Where? ∆ Washington, DC Why? ∆ We see how the war wasn’t really about slavery at first, but used slavery as a cover. We also learn how Lincoln was trying to keep the nation together, keep Britain’s commercial support, and keep his supporters loyal. In greater detail… ∆ Abraham Lincoln couldn’t avoid the issue of slavery, and knew he had to do something about it to save the nation. ∆ He didn’t want to pass the Emancipation Proclamation while the South was winning because it would look like a forfeit of the Union, and didn’t want them to be seen as weak. ∆ Waited until after the Battle of Antietam, where the Union launched a surprise attack on the Confederacy after finding their war plans. ∆ African Americans were allowed to become soldiers under the 54th Regiment Act passed by Congress. They were also openly recruited. ∆ This was a great turning point in the war because the North redefined it as being “about slavery” and the South realized they couldn’t negotiate the outcome of the war. What did it do? ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ established that all men are created equal freed slaves in states that had seceded from the Union created the initial tax system defined the election process, including the Electoral College Gettysburg When: July 1-3 1863 Where: Gettysburg, Pennsylvania in Adam Country Key Players: • General Robert E. Lee • General George Pickett • Abe Lincoln Problem: • The north attacked across the Rappahannock River twice so Lee fought back Theme: • The war had to be won and the union had to be saved Key Events The Devils Den Little Round Top Big Round Top Culps Hill Cemetery Hill 20th Maine Gettysburg Address Pickett's charge Cemetery Ridge Battle of Vicksburg Maribel Perez 3rd Period Problem/Goal • Union forces took the north, and controlled the entire Mississippi river, the confederacy was physically split in two. Participants/Key Players •Union General- Ulysses S. Grant, and his soldiers •Confederate General- John C. Pemberton and his soldiers Where/When • Vicksburg, Mississippi • May 18 – July 4, 1863 Key Events • Union major general Ulysses S. Grant army of Tennessee drove the confederate army of General John C. Pemberton in the lines surrounding the city of Vicksburg Mississippi. • General Grant places Vicksburg under siege • On July 4, 1863 the confederates knew they were hopeless and surrendered. Resolution/Outcome • Confederates surrounded • Led to the surrender of Port Hudson Theme/Lesson • It led to the turning point of the war and it cut of communication with confederate forces in the transMississippi department for the reminder of the war. Sherman’s March • Included: Union General William T. Sherman and the 60,000 union soldiers. • Location: Marched from Atlanta to Savannah Georgia. • When: December 21st 1864. • Goal: “Make old and young, rich and poor, feel the hard hand of war.”--General Sherman • Resolution: The union won and General William T. was happy. Lincoln was re-elected as president. •Key Events: They did not destroy the towns in their path, but stole food and livestock and burned houses and barns of people who tried to fight back. Surrender at Appomattox Court House • Who: Robert E Lee. • Where: Appomattox Court House, Virginia • When: April, 1895 • Problem: – Lee and his soldiers were starving. – Trapped at Appomattox Court House Surrender at Appomattox Court House • Key Events: – Failed to break the siege of Petersburg. – Went back to Virginia, facing the problem of the lack of food. – Finally, Lee surrendered to Grant. • Outcome: – The war end. – Still 170,000 soldiers in South. • Theme: – Confederates lost the war. – Slavery was going to end. – The politics of the whole country was going to change.