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JUVENILE JUSTICE
Chapter 3
Growth and Development
The First 18 Years
INFLUENCES ON CHILD’S
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
• Community
– Police, Courts, Corrections, Businesses,
Church, Gangs, Youth Groups, Neighbors,
Civic Groups, Health Care Providers
• School
– Teachers, Peers, Counselors, Co-curricular
Activities
• Family
– Parents, Siblings, Relatives
INFLUENCES ON CHILD’S
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
• JC jurisdiction over youth varies in states
according to age: 15 years (3 States), 16
years (10 States) 17 years (38 States,
including Hawaii)
What Children need for Healthy
Growth and Development
• Choices and challenges: Opportunity to learn, explore and stretch
their limits
• Healthy and safe surroundings: Feel secure and protected
• Independence: Develop own personality and self-confidence-know
others have faith in them
• Love: Know that they are loved, physically and emotionally
• Direction: Know rules and boundaries and consequences for their
actions
• Respect and recognition: Respected for who they are and praised
for their accomplishments
• Encouragement: Supported and helped to grow and develop
• Nurtured: Attention to their mental and emotional needs as well as
nutritional needs
TV VIOLENCE
• Violence On TV leads to aggressive
behaviors in children
– Children become less sensitive to pain and
suffering around them
– May be more fearful of world
– More likely to behave in aggressive or harmful
ways towards others
INDIVIDUAL RISK FACTORS
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Early antisocial behavior
High behavioral activation
Low behavioral inhibitions
Labeling
– Self-fulfilling prophecies
CHILDREN LIVING IN
POVERTY
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11 million children living in poverty (2000)
55.5% in single parent homes headed by mothers
Very young black and Hispanic children
Economic Deprivation= malnutrition and psychological
ills
• Homelessness
– Depression and mother/child bonding
– Developmentally delayed
– Behavioral problems
• Increased risk of lead poisoning
– Increased impulsiveness, restlessness and aggression
– Under-weight infants and under-developed
SPECIAL NEEDS CHILDREN
• Emotionally and Behaviorally Disturbed
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Severe aggression, or impulsiveness
Severely withdrawn
Mood swings
Disordered thought process
• Attention Deficit Disorder
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Heightened motor activity
Short attention span
Impulsiveness
Interferes with learning
Boys with ADHD high-risk for delinquency
SPECIAL NEEDS CHILDREN
• Alcohol and Drug Exposed
– Cognitive problems
– Low birth weight
– Disabilities in both gross & fine motor control
– Decrease in muscle strength
– Learning disabilities
– Mental Retardation
– Language Delays
SPECIAL NEEDS CHILDREN
• Learning Disabilities
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Deficits in Learning abilities
Short attention span
Poor memory
Difficulty following directions
Inadequate ability to distinguish between numbers,
letters or sounds
– Eye-hand coordination problems
– Discipline Problems
– High-risk for Drop-out
SPECIAL NEEDS CHILDREN
• HIV Exposed
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Experience deficits in fine and gross motor skills
Reduced flexibility and muscle strength
Cognitive impairment
Learning disabilities
Mental retardation
• Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
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1-2/1,000 born in the U.S.
Abnormal facial features
Growth retardation
Problems with central nervous system
• Fetal Alcohol Effect (FAE)
– Facial Features look normal, but children experience
same problems as FAS
LABELING & SELF-FULFILLING
PROPHECIES
• Positive vs Negative communication
toward child
• Experiments: Brilliant, Average, BelowAverage
• Consequences of Labeling
– Self-fulfilling prophesy “you are what you
think you are”
ADOLESCENT
DEVELOPMENT
• See Page 83 for details
• Early Adolescence (10-12 years)
– Physical: Puberty starts (rapid growth), usually starts
two years earlier for Girls
– Cognitive: Inconsistent thoughts, Shifts from
immature to mature thinking
– Emotional: Seeks independence, wants control in
decision making
– Social: Has desire to “fit in” to be well liked, groups
form, wants no adult supervision, peer pressure
begins
ADOLESCENT
DEVELOPMENT
• Middle Adolescence (13-15
– Physical Development: Puberty continues, boys have
growth spurts, Acne and body order, poor eating
habits develop, Aware & sensitive of peers’ growth
dev.
– Cognitive: Abstract Thinking begins, Problem
solving, analytical thinking & writing deficient, Girls
begin failing, peer conformity
– Emotional: Craves freedom, Good at masking
feelings, Intense desire for privacy, increased sexual
desires, needs praise
– Social: Friendships and romance, realizes other
points of view, moral reasoning, development of selfconcept, meaningful relationships with peers and adults
ADOLESCENT
DEVELOPMENT
• Late Adolescence (16 + years)
– Physical: Boys’ growth doubled since 12 yrs. Old,
Appetite increased, Eating Disorders may appear
– Cognitive: Critical thinking and reasoning, Wants to
make own decisions, develop own beliefs, values,
career choices, increased peer conformity
– Emotional: Personal identity, self esteem continues to
dev., decision making, coping skills and problem
solving, worries about life, mature friendships,
generally strong ties with family
– Social: Independence developed and demonstrated,
susceptibility to peer pressure declines, cooperation
increases, begins forming heterosexual groups,
same-sex relationships strengthen, after-school work,
social causes
ADOLESCENCE
• Development of Early Offending Behaviors
– Lack of family life
– Boredom, loneliness
– Low attachment to community or school
– Deviant peers or peer rejection can influence
non-delinquent youth to become delinquent
ADOLESCENCE
• Alcohol and Other Drugs had direct correlation
with delinquency
• Majority of adolescents coming into JJS had
history of substance use
• Problems with family, academic difficulties,
health and poor peer relations
• Juvenile drug use is related to chronic use and
violence that continues onto adulthood
ADOLESCENCE
• U.S. has the highest rates of teen pregnancy
than other industrialized countries
• 4/10 girls get pregnant before age 20
• Teen mothers less likely to complete high school
and end up on welfare
• Teen births have increased risk of low-birth
weight and pre-maturity, mental retardation,
poverty, growing-up w/o father
• Created a class of poor young women
• Evidence of intergenerational transfer of poverty
INFLUENCE OF FAMILY
• Family is the first teacher
– Values, Morals and models of behavior
– Healthy family life produces high self-esteem,
good communication skills, good attitudes
towards others and the world
– Children in families with high levels of
parental efficacy are low risk for delinquency
– Inadequate parenting are predictors of
antisocial behaviors
INFLUENCE OF FAMILY
Common Values passed on to youth include:
Equality
Honesty
Promise-keeping
Respect
Responsibility
Self-control
INFLUENCE OF FAMILY
Behavioral problems associated with:
High-level of parent/child conflict
Poor monitoring
Low-level of parent involvement
Discipline Practices
INFLUENCE OF FAMILY
• Census Bureau Identified 6 Risk Factors
for Delinquency
– Poverty
– Welfare Dependence
– Absent Parents
– One-parent Families
– Unwed mothers
– Parents who have not completed High school
Influence of Schools
• Children who succeed in school have
greater possibility of succeeding in life
• Peer approval and acceptance more
important to adolescents than approval of
parents or teachers
• Truancy is high indicator that child is at
risk for delinquent behaviors
Influence of Schools
• Student responses to School Failure
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Truancy
Joining Gangs
Dropping-out
Drinking
Doing Drugs
Delinquent Behaviors
Suicide Ideation
• Attitudes toward Public Schools
– # 1 Lack of Financial Support
– # 2 Lack of Discipline
PROBLEMS IN SCHOOLS
• Substance Use
– (6-25% under influence of alcohol or marijuana)
• Bullying
– 8% students reported being bullied (2000)
• Crime & Violence
– 1.9 million violent or theft in schools (2000)
– 59/1,000 in 1993 to 26/1,000 in 2000
• Zero Tolerance
– Pre-determined consequences for offenses in schools
STUDENT RIGHTS IN
SCHOOLS
• Students have full Constitutional Rights in
Schools
– Rights against illegal search and seizure
– Freedom of Speech
– HOWEVER
• U.S. SUPREME COURT REQUIRES THAT
SCHOOLS ACTIONS IN RESTRICTING
STUDENTS’ RIGHTS BE RELATED TO
REASONABLE PEDIGOGICAL CONCERNS
STUDENT RIGHTS IN
SCHOOLS
– BETHEL SCHOOL DISTRICT #403 V
FRASER
• Schools and prohibit vulgar language and
offensive terms in public discourse (Candidate for
Graduation Speaker)
– NEW JERSEY VS TLO
• Schools can make rules for the administration of
the school (US Supreme Court) (Marijuana Dealer)
Influence of the Community
• Community Protective Factors
– Healthy communities have financial support
– Access to community services & activities
– Good community involvement
• Community Domain Risk Factors
– Disadvantaged or disorganized
neighborhoods
– Contain delinquent peer groups
– Easy access to drugs and weapons
Full-Service Community Schools
• Open seven days a week
• Open to students, families and community
members
• Addresses educational, physical and
mental health needs
• Financed through the partnership of the
school system and one or more
community agencies
Full-Service Community Schools
• All (students, families, teachers, college
students and faculty, businesses) work
together to implement a plan for
transforming school into child-centered
institution
• Health Services: immunizations or
dentistry may be provided