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Class 5 The Integumentary and Endocrine System Integumentary System Functions of Skin • Protection: prevents dehydration and is 1st barrier against infection • Sensation: nerve endings provide information about the environment • Body Temperature Regulation: produces sweat (HOT) and goosebumps (COLD) • Synthesis of Chemicals: creates Melanin & Vit D • Excretion: secretes oils and sweat 2 Layers The Epidermis and The Dermis The skin is the largest organ in the body! Average adult has 18-20 square feet of skin, which weighs about 6 pounds . •The Epidermis •5 Zones of cells •Keratinization •Melanocytes •The Dermis •Blood Vessels •Nerves/Receptors •Hair Follicles •Muscle Tissues •Sebaceous Glands •Sweat Glands Dermis •Hair Follicle •Location •Structure •Arrector Pili Muscles •Sebaceous Glands •Sebum Sweat Glands • Eccrine – Most abundant, associated with temperature regulation • Apocrine – The “scent” gland – function at puberty What’s the difference between the types of Glands? • Exocrine Glands – Secrete a substance into a duct, that leads to the outside of the body – Ex: sebaceous glands (oil), sweat glands (sweat) • Endocrine Glands – Secrete hormones in the blood stream or CSF to circulate inside the body – Ex: thyroid gland, pituitary gland, ovaries/testes Body Temperature Regulation Sweat production Dermal Blood Vessel constriction and dilation Subcutaneous Fascia (Hypodermis) Loose Connective Tissue and Fat The Endocrine System • Consists of a group of glands that produce hormones • Works with nervous system to control and coordinate all other body systems • Affects body systems by chemical stimuli Endocrine Gland Overview Hormones • Chemical Messengers • Hormones from endocrine glands are released directly into tissue fluids; not through ducts • Some affect many tissues – Growth hormone – Thyroid hormone – Insulin • Some affect a specific tissue (target tissue) – Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) – Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Non-Steroid Hormone Steroid Hormone Regulation of Hormonal Secretions • Neural Control – Actual nerve impulse from brain controls the glands secretions – Ex: Hypothalamus sends a nerve impulse to Posterior Pituitary gland Regulation of Hormonal Secretions • Glandular Control – One gland controls another glands secretions – Ex: Anterior pituitary gland releases ACTH, which stimulates Adrenal glands Regulation of Hormonal Secretions • Humoral Control – Body measures level of a substance, then tells the gland to respond – Ex: measuring blood glucose levels and secreting insulin or glucagon. Negative Feedback Positive Feedback Pituitary Gland Pituitary Gland Hormones Gland Hormone Anterior Pituitary Growth Hormone Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Follicle Stimulating Hormone Luteinizing Hormone Prolactin Posterior Pituitary Antidiuretic Hormone Oxytocin Thyroid Gland Thyroxine Triiodothyronine Calcitonin Parathyroid Glands Parathyroid Hormone Adrenal Glands Cortex Aldosterone Cortisol Sex Hormones (androgens) Medulla Epinepherine (adrenaline) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) Pancreas Glucagon Insulin Pineal Gland Melatonin Thymus Gland Thymosin Ovaries Testes Estrogen & Progesterone Testerone Abbrev. GH TSH ACTH FSH LH PRL ADH OT T4 T3 PTH Function Increase size, divide more often, stimulate tissue growth Increase release of thyroid hormones Controls release of adrenal cortex hormones Females: Stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles Males: stimulates maturation of sperm cells Females: stimulates ovulation Males: stimulates cells to make male hormones Stimulates mammary glands to secrete milk, increases LH effects Decreases Urine Output Ejects milk from the breasts, stimulates uterine contractions Controls metabolic rate in tissues, breaks down fats and carbs Same as above Lowers blood Ca levels Raises Blood Ca levels Retains sodium & water, increase blood volume, increase BP Controls blood sugar levels (during stressful times) Releases testerone as needed All things associated with sympathetic response All things associated with sympathetic response Increase blood glucose levels Decrease blood glucose levels Helps with regulation of sleep/wake cycles Maturation of T-lymphocytes Regulate female reproductive system & cause maturation of reproductive organs Cause maturation of reproductive organs Anterior Pituitary Hormones…. Growth Hormone Causes cells to increase in size and divide more often, stimulates tissue growth Thyroid Gland •Thyroxine (T4) •Triiodothyronine (T3) •Controls basal metabolic rate in body tissues, breaks down fats, and carbohydrates •Calcitonin •Lowers blood calcium levels •Keeps calcium and phosphate in bones Thyroid Hormones Gland Hormone Anterior Pituitary Growth Hormone Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Follicle Stimulating Hormone Luteinizing Hormone Prolactin Posterior Pituitary Antidiuretic Hormone Oxytocin Thyroid Gland Thyroxine Triiodothyronine Calcitonin Parathyroid Glands Parathyroid Hormone Adrenal Glands Cortex Aldosterone Cortisol Sex Hormones (androgens) Medulla Epinepherine (adrenaline) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) Pancreas Glucagon Insulin Pineal Gland Melatonin Thymus Gland Thymosin Ovaries Testes Estrogen & Progesterone Testerone Abbrev. GH TSH ACTH FSH LH PRL ADH OT T4 T3 PTH Function Increase size, divide more often, stimulate tissue growth Increase release of thyroid hormones Controls release of adrenal cortex hormones Females: Stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles Males: stimulates maturation of sperm cells Females: stimulates ovulation Males: stimulates cells to make male hormones Stimulates mammary glands to secrete milk, increases LH effects Decreases Urine Output Ejects milk from the breasts, stimulates uterine contractions Controls metabolic rate in tissues, breaks down fats and carbs Same as above Lowers blood Ca levels Raises Blood Ca levels Retains sodium & water, increase blood volume, increase BP Controls blood sugar levels (during stressful times) Releases testerone as needed All things associated with sympathetic response All things associated with sympathetic response Increase blood glucose levels Decrease blood glucose levels Helps with regulation of sleep/wake cycles Maturation of T-lymphocytes Regulate female reproductive system & cause maturation of reproductive organs Cause maturation of reproductive organs Parathyroid Glands Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) AKA Parathormone: Raises blood calcium levels Parathyroid Hormones Gland Hormone Anterior Pituitary Growth Hormone Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Follicle Stimulating Hormone Luteinizing Hormone Prolactin Posterior Pituitary Antidiuretic Hormone Oxytocin Thyroid Gland Thyroxine Triiodothyronine Calcitonin Parathyroid Glands Parathyroid Hormone Adrenal Glands Cortex Aldosterone Cortisol Sex Hormones (androgens) Medulla Epinepherine (adrenaline) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) Pancreas Glucagon Insulin Pineal Gland Melatonin Thymus Gland Thymosin Ovaries Testes Estrogen & Progesterone Testerone Abbrev. GH TSH ACTH FSH LH PRL ADH OT T4 T3 PTH Function Increase size, divide more often, stimulate tissue growth Increase release of thyroid hormones Controls release of adrenal cortex hormones Females: Stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles Males: stimulates maturation of sperm cells Females: stimulates ovulation Males: stimulates cells to make male hormones Stimulates mammary glands to secrete milk, increases LH effects Decreases Urine Output Ejects milk from the breasts, stimulates uterine contractions Controls metabolic rate in tissues, breaks down fats and carbs Same as above Lowers blood Ca levels Raises Blood Ca levels Retains sodium & water, increase blood volume, increase BP Controls blood sugar levels (during stressful times) Releases testerone as needed All things associated with sympathetic response All things associated with sympathetic response Increase blood glucose levels Decrease blood glucose levels Helps with regulation of sleep/wake cycles Maturation of T-lymphocytes Regulate female reproductive system & cause maturation of reproductive organs Cause maturation of reproductive organs Adrenal Glands • Cortex – Aldesterone • • • • Retains sodium Retains water Increases blood volume Increases blood pressure – Cortisol • Controls blood sugars (stress hormone) – Adrenal Sex Hormones • Male sex hormones, but can convert into estrogen in skin, liver & adipose tissue Adrenal Glands • Medulla – Epinephrine/ Adrenaline – Norepinephrine/ Noradrenaline • Create reaction in body similar to sympathetic stimulation Adrenal Hormones Gland Hormone Anterior Pituitary Growth Hormone Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Follicle Stimulating Hormone Luteinizing Hormone Prolactin Posterior Pituitary Antidiuretic Hormone Oxytocin Thyroid Gland Thyroxine Triiodothyronine Calcitonin Parathyroid Glands Parathyroid Hormone Adrenal Glands Cortex Aldosterone Cortisol Sex Hormones (androgens) Medulla Epinepherine (adrenaline) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) Pancreas Glucagon Insulin Pineal Gland Melatonin Thymus Gland Thymosin Ovaries Testes Estrogen & Progesterone Testerone Abbrev. GH TSH ACTH FSH LH PRL ADH OT T4 T3 PTH Function Increase size, divide more often, stimulate tissue growth Increase release of thyroid hormones Controls release of adrenal cortex hormones Females: Stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles Males: stimulates maturation of sperm cells Females: stimulates ovulation Males: stimulates cells to make male hormones Stimulates mammary glands to secrete milk, increases LH effects Decreases Urine Output Ejects milk from the breasts, stimulates uterine contractions Controls metabolic rate in tissues, breaks down fats and carbs Same as above Lowers blood Ca levels Raises Blood Ca levels Retains sodium & water, increase blood volume, increase BP Controls blood sugar levels (during stressful times) Releases testerone as needed All things associated with sympathetic response All things associated with sympathetic response Increase blood glucose levels Decrease blood glucose levels Helps with regulation of sleep/wake cycles Maturation of T-lymphocytes Regulate female reproductive system & cause maturation of reproductive organs Cause maturation of reproductive organs Pancreas Pancreas • Glucagon – Secreted between meals when blood glucose concentration is falling – in liver, stimulates the release of glucose into the circulation raising blood glucose level – Released from alpha cells • Insulin – secreted during and after meal when glucose and amino acid blood levels are rising – stimulates cells to absorb nutrients and store or metabolize them lowering blood glucose levels – Released from Beta cells Pancreas Hormones Gland Hormone Anterior Pituitary Growth Hormone Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Follicle Stimulating Hormone Luteinizing Hormone Prolactin Posterior Pituitary Antidiuretic Hormone Oxytocin Thyroid Gland Thyroxine Triiodothyronine Calcitonin Parathyroid Glands Parathyroid Hormone Adrenal Glands Cortex Aldosterone Cortisol Sex Hormones (androgens) Medulla Epinepherine (adrenaline) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) Pancreas Glucagon Insulin Pineal Gland Melatonin Thymus Gland Thymosin Ovaries Testes Estrogen & Progesterone Testerone Abbrev. GH TSH ACTH FSH LH PRL ADH OT T4 T3 PTH Function Increase size, divide more often, stimulate tissue growth Increase release of thyroid hormones Controls release of adrenal cortex hormones Females: Stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles Males: stimulates maturation of sperm cells Females: stimulates ovulation Males: stimulates cells to make male hormones Stimulates mammary glands to secrete milk, increases LH effects Decreases Urine Output Ejects milk from the breasts, stimulates uterine contractions Controls metabolic rate in tissues, breaks down fats and carbs Same as above Lowers blood Ca levels Raises Blood Ca levels Retains sodium & water, increase blood volume, increase BP Controls blood sugar levels (during stressful times) Releases testerone as needed All things associated with sympathetic response All things associated with sympathetic response Increase blood glucose levels Decrease blood glucose levels Helps with regulation of sleep/wake cycles Maturation of T-lymphocytes Regulate female reproductive system & cause maturation of reproductive organs Cause maturation of reproductive organs Pineal Gland •Melatonin •Involved in the regulation of sleep-wake cycles Pineal Hormones Gland Hormone Anterior Pituitary Growth Hormone Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Follicle Stimulating Hormone Luteinizing Hormone Prolactin Posterior Pituitary Antidiuretic Hormone Oxytocin Thyroid Gland Thyroxine Triiodothyronine Calcitonin Parathyroid Glands Parathyroid Hormone Adrenal Glands Cortex Aldosterone Cortisol Sex Hormones (androgens) Medulla Epinepherine (adrenaline) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) Pancreas Glucagon Insulin Pineal Gland Melatonin Thymus Gland Thymosin Ovaries Testes Estrogen & Progesterone Testerone Abbrev. GH TSH ACTH FSH LH PRL ADH OT T4 T3 PTH Function Increase size, divide more often, stimulate tissue growth Increase release of thyroid hormones Controls release of adrenal cortex hormones Females: Stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles Males: stimulates maturation of sperm cells Females: stimulates ovulation Males: stimulates cells to make male hormones Stimulates mammary glands to secrete milk, increases LH effects Decreases Urine Output Ejects milk from the breasts, stimulates uterine contractions Controls metabolic rate in tissues, breaks down fats and carbs Same as above Lowers blood Ca levels Raises Blood Ca levels Retains sodium & water, increase blood volume, increase BP Controls blood sugar levels (during stressful times) Releases testerone as needed All things associated with sympathetic response All things associated with sympathetic response Increase blood glucose levels Decrease blood glucose levels Helps with regulation of sleep/wake cycles Maturation of T-lymphocytes Regulate female reproductive system & cause maturation of reproductive organs Cause maturation of reproductive organs Thymus Gland • Thymosin – Involved in maturation of Tlymphocytes Thymus Hormones Gland Hormone Anterior Pituitary Growth Hormone Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Follicle Stimulating Hormone Luteinizing Hormone Prolactin Posterior Pituitary Antidiuretic Hormone Oxytocin Thyroid Gland Thyroxine Triiodothyronine Calcitonin Parathyroid Glands Parathyroid Hormone Adrenal Glands Cortex Aldosterone Cortisol Sex Hormones (androgens) Medulla Epinepherine (adrenaline) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) Pancreas Glucagon Insulin Pineal Gland Melatonin Thymus Gland Thymosin Ovaries Testes Estrogen & Progesterone Testerone Abbrev. GH TSH ACTH FSH LH PRL ADH OT T4 T3 PTH Function Increase size, divide more often, stimulate tissue growth Increase release of thyroid hormones Controls release of adrenal cortex hormones Females: Stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles Males: stimulates maturation of sperm cells Females: stimulates ovulation Males: stimulates cells to make male hormones Stimulates mammary glands to secrete milk, increases LH effects Decreases Urine Output Ejects milk from the breasts, stimulates uterine contractions Controls metabolic rate in tissues, breaks down fats and carbs Same as above Lowers blood Ca levels Raises Blood Ca levels Retains sodium & water, increase blood volume, increase BP Controls blood sugar levels (during stressful times) Releases testerone as needed All things associated with sympathetic response All things associated with sympathetic response Increase blood glucose levels Decrease blood glucose levels Helps with regulation of sleep/wake cycles Maturation of T-lymphocytes Regulate female reproductive system & cause maturation of reproductive organs Cause maturation of reproductive organs Reproductive Glands--Ovaries • Estrogen – Maturation of secondary sexual characteristics (increased breast tissue, wider hips, increased fat to muscle ratio) – Menstruation • Progesterone – Changes in uterus during cycle – Affect mammary glands Reproductive Glands--Testes •Testosterone •Stimulates enlargement of testes and accessory organs •Development of secondary sexual characteristics (deeper voice, increased muscle mass, increased body hair) Reproductive Hormones Gland Hormone Anterior Pituitary Growth Hormone Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Follicle Stimulating Hormone Luteinizing Hormone Prolactin Posterior Pituitary Antidiuretic Hormone Oxytocin Thyroid Gland Thyroxine Triiodothyronine Calcitonin Parathyroid Glands Parathyroid Hormone Adrenal Glands Cortex Aldosterone Cortisol Sex Hormones (androgens) Medulla Epinepherine (adrenaline) Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) Pancreas Glucagon Insulin Pineal Gland Melatonin Thymus Gland Thymosin Ovaries Testes Estrogen & Progesterone Testerone Abbrev. GH TSH ACTH FSH LH PRL ADH OT T4 T3 PTH Function Increase size, divide more often, stimulate tissue growth Increase release of thyroid hormones Controls release of adrenal cortex hormones Females: Stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles Males: stimulates maturation of sperm cells Females: stimulates ovulation Males: stimulates cells to make male hormones Stimulates mammary glands to secrete milk, increases LH effects Decreases Urine Output Ejects milk from the breasts, stimulates uterine contractions Controls metabolic rate in tissues, breaks down fats and carbs Same as above Lowers blood Ca levels Raises Blood Ca levels Retains sodium & water, increase blood volume, increase BP Controls blood sugar levels (during stressful times) Releases testerone as needed All things associated with sympathetic response All things associated with sympathetic response Increase blood glucose levels Decrease blood glucose levels Helps with regulation of sleep/wake cycles Maturation of T-lymphocytes Regulate female reproductive system & cause maturation of reproductive organs Cause maturation of reproductive organs Thank goodness!!!
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