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Cell Specialization
Why Specialize?
• A single cellular organism performs all
required functions in one cell.
• e.g., Amoeba.
Why Specialize?
• Multicellular organisms are much more
complex.
• The body needs to supply food and nutrients,
transport materials, remove wastes and fight
infection.
Cellular Differentiation
• The process of creating specialized cells.
• All cells in the body originated from the
zygote (fertilized egg) undergoing mitosis.
• As an embryo develops, cells change their
shape, contents and function.
Zygote – Blastula – Primary Tissue
Layers(Germ Layers) – Specialized
Tissue
Cellular Differentiation
Stem Cells
• Cells that can
differentiate into
many different cell
types.
• The daughter cells
have the same DNA,
but different genes
may be turned on
or off.
Watch This!!!
Types of Stem Cells
1. Embryonic Stem Cells
– Differentiates into any cell type.
2. Adult Stem Cells
– Exists in some tissues but can only form specific
types of cells.
– E.g., bone marrow stem cells form white blood
cells, red blood cells and platelets.
Tissue Types
• Tissues are a collection of similar cells that perform
specific functions.
• Animals have 4 types
of tissue:
1. Epithelial.
2. Muscular.
3. Connective.
4. Nervous.
Epithelial Tissue
• Line the internal and
external surfaces of
the body.
• Form a barrier by
connecting adjoining
cell membranes.
Muscular Tissue
• Move the body or organ by contracting and
relaxing.
Connective Tissue
• Strengthens, supports and protects other tissues.
• Cells are in an extracellular matrix.
Nervous Tissue
• Made of neurons with long projections that
send and receive signals.
• Coordinates body actions.
Tissues in the Arm
Specialized PLANT Cells