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Transcript
Dr. Gretchen McCaffrey Molecular Form and Function • Email: [email protected] • Office hours: Wed 2-3pm NS 207 Thurs 12-1pm NS207 Molecular Form and Function • Introduction to Development – Eukaryotic Gene Expression – Cellular Signalling • Simple Eukaryotic Development: Yeast • Pattern formation; chick limbs • Organ identity; floral development Major points • The process of plant development occurs in response to the environment while the process of animal development is genetically determined • The process of development is controlled by sequential changes in gene expression and by cell signalling Reading • • • • Cpt 21, pp. 388-397 Review Cpt 17, pp. 294-304 Cpt 11, pp. 188-191 Cpt 45, pp. 896-898 Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Gene Expression 17.2 Control of Gene Expression E. Coli Human Eukaryotic Cells Structure correlates with Function 40.3 Different roles for different tissues Adipose Bone Muscle Fat storage Skeletal support Contraction/movement Structure/function determined by differential gene expression in different tissues Gene 1: Gene 2: Gene 3: Gene 4: Encodes RNA Polymerase Encodes protein that allows formation of fat droplets Encodes collagen; protein that hardens to form bone Encodes myosin; protein needed for muscle contraction _______________________________________________ Adipose cell Osteoblast (bone forming cell) Muscle cell 17.6 Transcription in eukaryotic cells requires transcription factors = Regulatory proteins that binds to DNA and stimulates transcription of specific genes 17.7 Differential gene expression in different tissues depends upon different transcription factors Gene 1: Gene 2: Gene 3: Gene 4: Encodes RNA Polymerase Encodes protein that allows formation of fat droplets Encodes collagen; protein that hardens to form bone Encodes myosin; protein needed for muscle contraction _____________________________________________ Adipose cell Osteoblast (bone forming cell) Muscle cell Who is this animal and what’s special about her? Dolly is special because: She was cloned from an adult differentiated cell Cloning from adult differentiated plant cells 21.5 Plant vs. Animal Development Plants Animals Plant vs. Animal Development Plants Rigid cell walls Energy from sun Animals No cell wall Moves to find food Development: Responds to environment/ Body plan formed early/ opportunistic genetically determined Single fertilized egg differentiated tissues ? 21.2 Animal Cells Fertilized Egg Determined Cells Differentiated Cells Animal Development • Determination Progressive restriction of developmental potential causing the possible fate of each cell to become more limited as the embryo develops Animal Development • Determination Progressive restriction of developmental potential causing the possible fate of each cell to become more limited as the embryo develops • Differentiation Structural and functional divergence of cells as they become specialized during a multicellular organism’s development; dependent on the control of gene expression Muscle Cell Development Precursor cell Myoblast (muscle stem cell) = determined Muscle cell = differentiated Muscle Cell Development Precursor cell changes in transcription factors = changes in gene expression Myoblast (muscle stem cell) = determined more changes in transcription factors = more changes in gene expression Muscle cell = differentiated 21.8 Sequential changes in transcription factors Changes in gene expression Changes in cell fate Single fertilized egg Two different cells ? Single fertilized egg Two different cells ? 21.9 • Cytoplasmic determinants – Substances deposited by the mother in the egg she produces that regulate the expression of genes affecting early development of the embryo Development from Two Cells Development controlled by: • Sequential changes in gene expression • Cell Signalling Induction • Form of cellular signaling during development • Ability of one group of embryonic cells to influence the development of another. Muscle Cell Development Precursor cell changes in transcription factors = changes in gene expression Myoblast (muscle stem cell) = determined more changes in transcription factors = more changes in gene expression Muscle cell = differentiated Muscle cell Development Precursor cell Requires growth factors to continue dividing Myoblast (muscle stem cell) = determined Cell division stops Muscle cell = differentiated No cell division Cells secrete signals that target specific local or distant cells 11.3 Chemical signals bind to cell surface receptor or to intracellular receptor 45.3 Same chemical signal received by different cells different responses 45.4 Different chemical signals received by same cell different responses Nerve cell precursor Steroid hormone (Determined) Nerve growth factor Hormone secreting cell (Differentiated) Neuron How can signals determine the fate of the cell? Steroid hormone binds Intracellular receptor causes Changes in gene expression Steroid hormone 45.5 How can signals determine the fate of the cell? Steroid hormone binds Intracellular receptor causes Changes in gene expression Growth factor binds Cell surface receptor causes Changes in gene expression Growth factor 11.5 Single fertilized egg Two different cells Asymmetric cytoplasmic determinants lead to cellular specific changes in gene expression 21.9 Development Maternal cytoplasmic determinants Asymmetric signalling molecules Asymmetric transcription factors Cell specific transcription factors Cell specific changes in gene expression Cell fate Bio 103 home