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CELLS
RECAP
Cell
Theory
• All living things are composed of one or
more cells
• The cell is the basic unit of structure
and function in organisms
• All cells are made from pre-existing
cells
Virchow
EUKARYOTIC CELL
I’m a series of tubes
Found throughout the cell
I transport proteins
And other things as well
What am I? ___________________
I’m full of holes
Flexible and thin
I control what gets out
And what comes in
What am I? _________________
Proteins are made here
Even though I’m quite small
You can find me in the cytoplasm
Or attached to E.R.’s wall
What am I? ______________________
I’ve been called a “storage tank”
By those with little taste
I’m a sac filled with water
Food, enzymes, or waste
What am I? ______________________
Since I contain many enzymes,
I can digest an injured cell;
And can break down a large molecule
Into a smaller one as well
What am I? ______________________
CELL TYPES
There are TWO basic
types of cells
• Prokaryotic cells
• These cells do NOT have a true
nucleus
• Eukaryotic cells
• These cells have a true
NUCLEUS and MEMBRANE
BOUND ORGANELLES
• All plants, fungi, and protists
are MULTICELLULAR
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell
PLANT CELL
• Square-shaped
• Large vacuoles
• Have chloroplasts
• Have a cell wall
ANIMAL CELL
• Rounded in shape
• Have smaller vacuoles
• No cell wall
• No chloroplasts
Organelles
Vacuole
Chloroplast
Cell Wall
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Shape
Plant
Animal
Plant
Animal
Vacuole(s)
1 large
Many small ones
Chloroplast
Yes
No
Cell Wall
Yes
No
Cell membrane
Yes
Yes
Cytoplasm
Yes
Yes
Shape
Square Like
Circle Like
Photosynthesis
Purpose
What does it?
Organelle
Equation
Cell
Respiration
Photosynthesis
Cell
Respiration
to make sugar
from sunlight
to make ATP
from sugar
What does it?
plants
plants AND
animals
Organelle
chloroplast
mitochondria
Equation
CO2 + H2O =
sugar + O2
sugar + O2 = CO2 +
H2O + ATP
Purpose
Aerobic
Respiration
Definition
Anaerobic
Respiration
Respiration Respiration w/o
with Oxygen
Oxygen
How much
ATP?
36 (lots)
2 (few)
Location
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm
Examples
Plants, animals Yeast, bacteria
Organisms
Aerobic
Respiration
Definition
Anaerobic
Respiration
Respiration Respiration w/o
with Oxygen
Oxygen
How much
ATP?
36 (lots)
2 (few)
Location
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm
Examples
Plants, animals Yeast, bacteria
Organisms
ENZYMES
Ends with...
-ase
Biomolecule
protein
Function
SPEEDS UP chemical
rxns
Specific...
Binds to only 1 substrate (lock and
key)
Reusable...
Not changed during a reactions
Denatured
by...
Low pH, high temperature
WATER AND
TRANSPORT
Example Problem I
A cell is placed in a hypotonic solution.
The membrane is permeable to sugar.
What process will take place to reach
equilibrium? What direction is the flow?
Step 1: Sugar molecules
Step 2: DIFFUSION will take
place. The sugar will move to the
less concentrated side, which is
OUT of the cell.
Example Problem II
A cell is placed in a hypotonic solution.
The membrane is permeable to water
only. What process will take place to
reach equilibrium? What direction is the
flow?Step 1: WATER
Step 2: OSMOSIS will take place.
The water will move to the more
concentrated side (or side with
less water), which is INTO the
cell.
Active
Osmosis Diffusion
Transport
What
moves?
Towards
which
side?
Energy?
Water
Molecules Molecules
More
Less
More
concentrated concentrated concentrated
No
No
Yes
ORGANIC
MOLECULES
Organic
Molecules
Monomer
Purpose
Examples
Related
Organelle
Carbohydrate
Nucleic
Acid
Lipid
Protein
Organic
Molecules
Carbohydrate
Monomer
monosaccharide
Purpose
stores
energy
Examples
starch, sugar,
glucose
Related
Organelle
chloroplast,
mitochondria
Nucleic
Acid
Lipid
Protein
nucleotide Fatty acid amino acid
carries
genes
makes
work of the
plasma
cell
membrane
DNA, RNA
Fats, oils,
waxes
enzymes,
lactase,
hemoglobin,
insulin
nucleus
plasma
membrane
ribosome
Review
Game
Photosynthesis or
Respiration?
chloroplast
produces sugar
mitochondria
Produces ATP
Plant cells only
Produces carbon dioxide
Converts energy to a
usable form
Plant and animal cells
Produces oxygen
sugar + O2  CO2 + H2O
+ ATP
Organelle that can be
aerobic or anaerobic
Captures energy from
the sun
Water is a reactant
CO2 + H2O + ATP 
sugar + O2
oxygen is a reactant
Practice Test
Questions!
Define aerobic
respiration
How many ATP does
aerobic respiration
produce?
Define anaerobic
respiration
How many ATP does
anaerobic respiration
produce?
What organisms perform
anaerobic respiration?
What are the 2 types of
anaerobic respiration?
Is lactic acid
fermentation aerobic or
anaerobic respiration?
Which organic
molecules are enzymes?
What do enzymes do?
What 3 letters do
enzymes end in?
What are 2 ways
enzymes can be
denatured?
What organic molecule
are enzymes?
A. Lipids
B. Carbohydrates
C. Proteins
D. Nucleic acids
What do enzymes do to
reaction rates?
A. Keep them the same
B. Increase them
C. Decrease them
D. Destroy them
What suffix do enzymes
often end in?
A. -ose
B. -ase
C. -ing
D. -ed
lactase
lactose + H20
glucose +galactose
In the equation above, what is
the enzyme?
A. Lactose
B. Lactase
C. Glucose
D. Galactose
lactase
lactose + H20
glucose +galactose
In the equation above, what
are the products?
A. Lactose and H20
b. Lactase
c. Glucose and galactose
d. Lactose and glucose
lactase
lactose + H20
glucose +galactose
In the equation above, what
are the substrates?
A. Lactose and H20
B. Lactase
C. Glucose and galactose
D. Lactose and glucose
What does it mean for an
enzyme to be denatured?
A. It works faster
B. It can no longer bind to a
substrate
C. It grows bigger
D. it grows smaller
What is the pH of an
acid?
What is the pH of a
base?
Name the function of
the organelle
ribosome
mitochondria
chloroplast
vacuole
Plasma membrane
Questions
Name the
organelle
Name the
organelle
Name the
organelle
Name the
organelle
Name the
organelle
Name the
organelle
Name the
organelle
Name the organic
molecule
DNA
Fatty acid
nucleotide
Amino acid
sugar
Does the work of the cell
Provides energy
Makes up the plasma
membrane
Amino acid
glucose
Define
mutualism
parasitism
commensalism
diffusion
osmosis
Active transport
Question #1
Cells are separated from the surrounding
watery environment by:
a) Cytoplasm
b) Plasma membrane
c) Mitochondria
d) Golgi apparatus
Question #2
Cells are the smallest unit of life. Mitochondria
help cells achieve which characteristic of
life?
a) Homeostasis
b) Movement
c) Energy and Metabolism
d) Response to Stimulus
Question #3
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells have
several different characteristics. Which
of the following is a list of the cell parts
that are found in ALL cells.
a) Ribosomes, nucleus, cytoplasm
b) Cytoplasm, ribosomes, plasma
membrane
c) Nucleolus, cytosol, plasma membrane
d) Plasma membrane, nucleus,
mitochondria
Question #4
The job (FUNCTION) of the golgi apparatus is
to:
a) Modify, sort, and package proteins
b) Convert food into energy
c) Synthesize fats
d) Synthesize proteins
Question # 5
The main difference between the smooth ER and the
rough ER is:
a) the smooth ER is connected to the nucleus, while the
rough ER is not
b) the rough ER has the same job as the golgi
c) the rough ER mainly synthesizes lipids and the
smooth ER mainly synthesizes proteins
d) the rough ER mainly synthesizes proteins and the
smooth ER mainly synthesizes lipids