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SAT II Molecule/Cell Review
pH
• Concentration of
H+ ions
• # of decimal
places=pH value!
• Logarithmic (each
# is a power of 10)
– Low pH—Acidic
– High pH—Basic
What is the
difference in
concentration of
H+ ions between
pH 4 & 6?
Water properties
• Ice less dense than
water
• Polar
• High Specific Heat
(takes lot of energy to
change tempearture)
• Adhesion & Cohesion
Carbon
• Tetravalent
• Forms chains and
rings
• Can double bond
• Bonds with: HONPS
Functional groups
• -OH : Hydroxyl
(polarity)
• -COOH: Carboxyl (part
of aa)
• -NH3: Amino (part of aa)
• -PO4: Phosphate (ATP
and nucleotides)
• -SH: Sulfhydryl (protein
folding)
Isomers
• Monosaccharides:
– C6H12O6
– Glucose, Fructose,
Galactose
• Disaccharides:
–
–
–
–
C12H22O11
Sucrose: Gl + Fr
Lactose: Gl + Ga
Maltose: Gl + Gl
* Function is energy!!!
Polysaccharides
• Fungi:
– Chitin (Cell wall)
• Plants:
– Starch (storage)
– Cellulose (cell wall)
• Animals:
– Glycogen (storage)
Lipids
• Long chains of
hydrogen and carbon
• Not soluble in water
• Functions-Membranes, Energy
storage, Cholesterol
and hormones, Wax
• Phospholipid:
– Hydrophilic head
– Hydrophobic tail
• Made of amino acids
• 20 types--R groups vary
• 4 levels of folding:
–
–
–
–
1 sequence
2 regular folding
3 interaction between R groups
More than one polypeptide can
make up a protein
Proteins
Protein Functions
•
•
•
•
Enzymes
Antibodies
Muscles
Transport in/out of
cells
• Receptors
• Transport of oxygen
Nucleic Acids
• Made of Nucleotides:
A, T, C, G and U in
RNA
• Nucleotides have 5
carbon sugar,
phosphate, base
Function of NA’s
• DNA: Stores/passes
on information
(Replication)
• RNA: Codes for
protein production
(transcription &
translation)
How Enzymes Work
Metabolism
• Chemical reactions in
living things:
– Anabolism: Building:
Dehydration Synthesis;
endergonic
– Catabolism: Breaking:
Hydrolysis; exergonic
Cell Transport
• Passive
– Diffusion
– Osmosis
– Facilitated Diffusion
• Active
– Pumps (Na+/K+
– Endocytosis
(Pino/Phago)
– Exocytosis
Organelles
• All Cells
Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic
–
–
–
–
Membrane
Cytoplasm
DNA
Ribosomes
• Eukaryotic Cells
Membraneous
organelles (Golgi,
vesicle, ER)
Nucleus
Mitochondria &
Chloroplast
Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?
• Plant:
Plant vs Animal
– Cell Wall
(cellulose)
– Chloroplast
– Large Central
vacuole
• Animal:
– Centriole!!!
Endosymbiosis
• Do plants have mitochondria?
• Evidence?
Link function of organelles with
the type of human cell
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Smooth ER
Lots of rough ER
Lack of a nucleus
Lysosome
Lots of membrane
Centriole
Lots of
mitochondria
• Think about a
human cell that
would fit this
characteristic!!
• 2 Brothers have an
organelle disease.
Both are infertile
because their sperm
can’t swim. In
addition they have
difficulty clearing
the lungs. Which
organelle is likely
not functioning
properly?
•
•
•
•
•
Mitochondria
Lysosome
Microtubules
Nucleus
Chloroplast